Quod quaesisti inventum est in 224 locis.

Omnes locos inventos monstra

Preme hic ut KWIC videas

Loci 1-224:

emissis ipsarum interim munus usurpabat uasa lauando, coquinam parando, pauimenta uerrendo, utensilia suis disponendo locis. Cęteraque diligentius exequendo ancillis etiam se magis infimam fecerat. Nunquam tanta mulier and tantam humilitatem descendisset, nisi prius ardentissimę charitatis feruore medullitus incaluisset. Nihil quippe tam paruum aut tam uile est, ut id se ducat indignum, qui perfecte diligit. Brigida etiam uirgo, licet

maior. De illo simul ac de uobis per Hieremiam prophetatum: Ecce afflictio egredietur de gente in gentem, et turbo magnus egredietur a summatibus terrę. Et erunt interfecti Domini in die illa a summo terrę usque and summum eius. Non plangentur et non colligentur et non sepelientur. In sterquilinio super faciem terrę iacebunt. Diuina enim permissione fiet, ut diabolus contra Ecclesiam sęuiendi potestatem accipiat. Oportet

diuinis uacent, ipsoque deo sine fine perfruantur, qui caput est in Xpo mystici corporis, principium et finis. Te bene agere opto. Hieronymus And. Iacobo.B.
1  Qui nouem celsi choreis Olympi
2  Praesidet, septem radiosque ducit,
3  Iussit, ut prodant uario refertum

imo
44  Pectore uoces. Idem Hier. And. Iacobo Bo. Licet mos traditus est a Platone, et is quidem laudatissimus mi uates florentissime faustissimique ingenii, ne cui liceat, quae composuerit, aut priuatim ostendere, aut in usum publicum aedere, antequam ea

13  Visus adesse polis, uisusque audire tonantem,
14  Dulceque quod Christi manat ab ore melos. Iacobus Bonus Hieronymo And. S. Franciscum Mariam filium meum statim ab ipso paschalis solennitatis aduentu solicitaram, qua te praeceptorem suum nactus aliquo munusculo prosequeretur. quod nescio quibus ex causis ab illo neglectum sit. Verum scio quod

non me deserat in hac necessitate. 2 István Brodarics 1 to Albert Kasu Buda, 1507, [?,?]2 Manuscript used: MOL, DF 232236 Brodarics thanks Albert Kasu for the latter’s patronage and requests further support for himself and his kin in front of the Bishop of Zagreb. Venerabilis Domine, Patrone Unice atque Observande. Post servitutis meae commendationem. Quod

2 István Brodarics 1 to Albert Kasu Buda, 1507, [?,?]2 Manuscript used: MOL, DF 232236 Brodarics thanks Albert Kasu for the latter’s patronage and requests further support for himself and his kin in front of the Bishop of Zagreb. Venerabilis Domine, Patrone Unice atque Observande. Post servitutis meae commendationem. Quod semper feci in litteris ad Vestram

ASM, Ambasciatori, Ungheria, Busta 3. Published: Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 259–260. In Hungarian: V. Kovács Sándor (ed.), Magyar humanisták levelei XV–XVI. század, Budapest, 1971, 555–556. Brodarics gives a detailed account to Lardi of events and participants at the coronation of Louis II. Reverendissime Domine, Patrone Colendissime. Pro illa, qua semper Vestram Reverendissimam Dominationem unice

3. 2 Published: Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 260–261. In Hungarian: V. Kovács Sándor (ed.), Magyar humanisták levelei XV–XVI. század, Budapest, 1971, 557–558. Brodarics gives a detailed account of the child King’s marching in to Buda and participants of the procession to Taddeo dei Lardi three days after the coronation of Louis II. Reverendissime Domine, Patrone Colendissime. Cum illas primas litteras 3

Lardi see notes for the previous letter. copy of the original manuscript from the 19th century is in the Library of the HAS, Manuscripts Department (Ms 4999, bundle 11., 101–103) 3  See the previous letter. 4  Brodarics did not send his previous letter indeed, since there is no seal and address on that one (unlike the second one sent to Lardi). 5  I.e. on 8 June 1508. 6  Imre Perényi (?–1519), Comes of Abaúj, Palatine from 1504 until his death. 7  János Szapolyai, Count of Szepes, Transylvanian Voivod. 8  After the coronation the two keepers of the crown took it

István Brodarics to citizens of Kassa Buda, 29 August 1512 Manuscript used: MOL, DF 270926 1. Brodarics reminds citizens of Kassa that he was of help to them in the past whenever he could be. – 2. He asks for a four-in-hand carriage from the town in recognition of his services and that it is to be sent to Buda by merchants going to the fair held at St. Nicholas Day. Prudentes et Circumspecti Domini et Amici mihi Honorandi. [1.] Satis constat Vestris Dominationibus et maxime illis, qui ad dominum nostrum

6 István Brodarics to Aldus Manutius 1 Buda, 15 September 15122 Manuscript used: BA, E. 36 inf., fol. 16. Published: bel Jenő, Adalékok a humanismus történetéhez Magyarországon, Budapest, 1880, 30.; and Pierre de Ambroise Nolhac, Les correspondents d’Alde Manuce. Matériaux nouveaux d’histoire littéraire 1485–1514. Rome, 1888, 242.; In Hungarian: V. Kovács Sándor (ed.), Magyar humanisták levelei XV–XVI. század, Budapest, 1971, 558. Six years ago he left a manuscript of Janus

1945, 38–98. More on his life: Julius Schück, Aldus Manutius und seine Zeitgenossen in Italien und Deutschland, Berlin, 1862. 2  On the back side of the letter we find 17 October. Rabán Gerézdi does accept this date (compare: Aldus Manutius magyar barátai, Magyar Könyvszemle, 1945, 67), and this date appears on the version that appeared in Hungarian in the volume of V. Kovács. However, this is obviously false, since we know that Fülöp Csulai Móré took the letter, and about him we know that he was received in Venice in great pomp on 7 October. (Compare: F edeles Tamás, Egy

Rabán Gerézdi does accept this date (compare: Aldus Manutius magyar barátai, Magyar Könyvszemle, 1945, 67), and this date appears on the version that appeared in Hungarian in the volume of V. Kovács. However, this is obviously false, since we know that Fülöp Csulai Móré took the letter, and about him we know that he was received in Venice in great pomp on 7 October. (Compare: F edeles Tamás, Egy Jagelló-kori humanista pályaképe. Csulai Móré Fülöp (1476/1477–1526), Levéltári Közlemények, 2007, 60–61.) The misunderstanding stems from an incorrect resolution of the

Csulai Móré Fülöp (1476/1477–1526), Levéltári Közlemények, 2007, 60–61.) The misunderstanding stems from an incorrect resolution of the Roman-type date at the end of the letter. According to Roman calculation we do not add 17 days to the Kalendae, 1 October, but distract 17 days, and this is how we get the real date of the letter, 15 September. This way of dating can be reconciled with Csulai’s trip, who was already in Zengg at the end of September, where he embarked on a ship to Venice. 3  Jordan von Dinslaken, printer from Cologne. He was banned from Venice in 1520

a pécsi utóélet tükrében = Bartók István, Jankovits László, Kecskeméti Gábor (ed.), Humanista műveltség Pannniában, Pécs, 2000, 83. 4  Brodarics obtained doctorate in canon law in Padua sometime around 1505–1506. 5  On Brodarics’ role in the publication of Janus’ works and on the manuscript he had, see more: Boda Miklós, A „sevillai kdexek” és a Janus Pannonius-szöveghagyomány kérdőjelei, Baranyai Helytörténetírás 17–18. (1985–1986), 475–493. – More recently, gnes Ritoókné Szalay found a manuscript with Janus’ works. He established a

more: Boda Miklós, A „sevillai kdexek” és a Janus Pannonius-szöveghagyomány kérdőjelei, Baranyai Helytörténetírás 17–18. (1985–1986), 475–493. – More recently, gnes Ritoókné Szalay found a manuscript with Janus’ works. He established a connection between the compilation and Brodarics convincingly. Compare: Ritoókné Szalay gnes, Janus Pannonius leveleinek kézirata a Pray-gyűjteményben, Az Egyetemi Könyv tár vkönyvei, 14–15 (2011), 283–292. herus meus 6 praeterea apud te egerat, in

269209 Published: Tóth-Szabó Pál, Oklevelek a kegyúri jog történetéhez, Történelmi Tár, 1903, 105–106. 1. Having heard that the position of the Provost of Jászó is vacant, he asks those in Kassa to give it to scribe Péter. Kristóf Darholczi also wrote about this to them. – 2. He and Darhoczi could have achieved with the Bishop that the Provostship goes to scribe Péter, but as advowson belongs to Kassa, they prefer to recommend their protégé to the town. – 4. People in Kassa should write a letter on behalf of scribe Péter, whose knowledge, morals and outstanding

to them. – 2. He and Darhoczi could have achieved with the Bishop that the Provostship goes to scribe Péter, but as advowson belongs to Kassa, they prefer to recommend their protégé to the town. – 4. People in Kassa should write a letter on behalf of scribe Péter, whose knowledge, morals and outstanding qualities make him worthy of recommendation. Brodarics’ formulation is ambiguous here. Already secretary of György Szatmári at the time. In 1505–1506, probably the patronage of Tamás Bakócz was behind the plans for publication, but the

of Pécs in the Guarino-panegyricus of Sebestyén Magyi published in 1513. (Compare: Klaniczay Tibor (ed.), Janus Pannonius – Magyarországi humanisták. Budapest, 1982, 662–664. In Latin: Hegedüs István, Analecta nova, Budapest, 1903, 214.) On Brodarics’ connections to Sebestyén Magyi and the Bologna circle see: Révész Mária, Néhány adat Philippus Beroaldus maior magyar összeköttetéseihez. Egyetemes Philológiai Közlöny, 1941, 165–166. 7  Fülöp Csulai Móré (1476/77–1526), Humanist, Royal Secretary, later Bishop of Pécs. Csulai studied with Beroaldo in

the Bologna circle see: Révész Mária, Néhány adat Philippus Beroaldus maior magyar összeköttetéseihez. Egyetemes Philológiai Közlöny, 1941, 165–166. 7  Fülöp Csulai Móré (1476/77–1526), Humanist, Royal Secretary, later Bishop of Pécs. Csulai studied with Beroaldo in Bologna and had a friendly relationship with Aldus Manutius too. Like Brodarics, Csulai was also a protégé of Szatmári. In the first two decades of the 1500s, he visited Venice many times as Hungarian royal envoy. More on his life: Fedeles Tamás, Egy Jagelló-kori humanista pályaképe. Csulai Móré

iudici iuratisque civibus civitatis Cassoviensis, dominis honorandis. Provost Pál Jászai, who was appointed to the position in 1508 by Szatmári himself, died in 1515. Bishop of Pécs György Szatmári and his home town Kassa won advowson of Provostship of Jászó and the right to elect the Provost on 9 June 1508. The convent, however, also clinged to the right of free election of the Provost based on their privileges upheld by Vladislaus. After the death of Pál Jászai, the convent elected

honorandis. Provost Pál Jászai, who was appointed to the position in 1508 by Szatmári himself, died in 1515. Bishop of Pécs György Szatmári and his home town Kassa won advowson of Provostship of Jászó and the right to elect the Provost on 9 June 1508. The convent, however, also clinged to the right of free election of the Provost based on their privileges upheld by Vladislaus. After the death of Pál Jászai, the convent elected Gergely Karácsondi Provost. Karácsondi was later confirmed by

elected Gergely Karácsondi Provost. Karácsondi was later confirmed by Szatmári himself as Provost. The document about this is dated 23 September 1515. (Compare: MOL DF 269210) Regarding the Jászó convent see: Tóth-Szabó Pál, Szathmári György prímás (1457–1524), Budapest, 1906; and Tóth-Szabó Pál, Jász a főkegyúri jog történetében II., Századok, 1905, 223–247. 3  An unknown employee of György Szatmári who did not attain Provostship. 4  Brodarics was already the secretary of Szatmári. 5  It is about nobleman Kristóf Darholczi from Sáros County, about

1905, 223–247. 3  An unknown employee of György Szatmári who did not attain Provostship. 4  Brodarics was already the secretary of Szatmári. 5  It is about nobleman Kristóf Darholczi from Sáros County, about whom we have several pieces of data together with his father (Pál Darholczi) and brothers (Pál and Vilmos). (Compare: MOL, DL 97820, DL 64524, DL 75106). Kristóf, Vice-Comes of Sáros County from 1514, Chamberlain of György Szatmári in 1515. 6  For Darholczi’s letter to the town of Kassa dated 18 August 1515, see: MOL, DF 270974

An unknown employee of György Szatmári who did not attain Provostship. 4  Brodarics was already the secretary of Szatmári. 5  It is about nobleman Kristóf Darholczi from Sáros County, about whom we have several pieces of data together with his father (Pál Darholczi) and brothers (Pál and Vilmos). (Compare: MOL, DL 97820, DL 64524, DL 75106). Kristóf, Vice-Comes of Sáros County from 1514, Chamberlain of György Szatmári in 1515. 6  For Darholczi’s letter to the town of Kassa dated 18 August 1515, see: MOL, DF 270974

letter to the second half of the 1530s, because he thought that Brodarics might have got acquainted with Angelo Cospi on his trip to Italy in 1536. Regarding the fact that Cospi died in 1516, the date given by V. Kovács is obviously impossible. Cospi taught rhetoric at the University of Vienna, and it is clear that Brodarics knew him only slightly. However, we know about Cospi that he spent some time in Pozsony in 1515, where in the house of Girolamo Balbi he translated the Didorodus Codex (Libri duo, primus de Philippi Regis Macedoniae, aliorum re quorundam illustrium ducum, alter de

Published: Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 342–344. For the part of the charter describing the coat of arms, see: ldásy Antal, A MNM könyvtárának címerjegyzéke II. Címereslevelek, Budapest, 1904, 28–29. István Brodarics and his family received coat of arms augmentation from King Louis II. The document discusses the earlier image of the coat of arms received for military merit in detail. Then it proceeds to describe the nature of augmentation and gives explanation. Commissio propria

II. Címereslevelek, Budapest, 1904, 28–29. István Brodarics and his family received coat of arms augmentation from King Louis II. The document discusses the earlier image of the coat of arms received for military merit in detail. Then it proceeds to describe the nature of augmentation and gives explanation. Commissio propria domini regis. Ludovicus Dei gratia rex Hungariae et Bohemiae etc. Tibi fideli nostro venerabili et egregio Stephano Brodarich de Ierosyn 2 decretorum doctori, comiti capellae sancti Andreae

Rome, 1 September 1522 Manuscript used: MOL, DL 25663 Published: Iványi Béla, Adalékok a nemzetközi érintkezések történetéhez a Jagelló-korban, Történelmi Tár, 1906, 343–344. 1. The Pope has arrived in Rome but has not received Brodarics in a public audience yet. However, he and Cardinal Medici have put forward Louis II’s request to him in a private interview that a legate or nuncio be sent to the Nuremberg Imperial Diet. – 2. Brodarics assures King Louis that that he could find no Pope more suitable for his purposes than Adrian. Marsupino has returned from

or nuncio be sent to the Nuremberg Imperial Diet. – 2. Brodarics assures King Louis that that he could find no Pope more suitable for his purposes than Adrian. Marsupino has returned from Florence to Rome too. Now they work together on behalf of the King. – 3. He complains that he has no money and he doesn’t get any from the Fuggers in spite of the King having instructed them to lend him some. If he does not receive money soon, he will be compelled to sell everything he has and crawl back to Hungary in shame with barely one servant. – 4. He, too, deems the diplomatic mission to

Florence to Rome too. Now they work together on behalf of the King. – 3. He complains that he has no money and he doesn’t get any from the Fuggers in spite of the King having instructed them to lend him some. If he does not receive money soon, he will be compelled to sell everything he has and crawl back to Hungary in shame with barely one servant. – 4. He, too, deems the diplomatic mission to France mentioned by King Louis quite useful, but he cannot travel there without money. Sacra Regia Maiestas, Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime.

Vestrae apud Suam Sanctitatem. Credo nos cras aut perendie habituros audientiam publicam, id est consistorialem a Sua Sanctitate. Quamvis iam in audientia 8  Jacobus Piso (1480–1527), offspring of a Saxon middle class family from Medgyes, noted Humanist, poet and diplomat, friend and pen friend of Erasmus, member of the circle of László Szalkai who would become Archbishop of Esztergom. One of the tutors of the child King Louis from 1516, Royal Secretary from 1520. We have no other data about a permanent contact with Brodarics, who was roughly of the

Sanctitatem. Credo nos cras aut perendie habituros audientiam publicam, id est consistorialem a Sua Sanctitate. Quamvis iam in audientia 8  Jacobus Piso (1480–1527), offspring of a Saxon middle class family from Medgyes, noted Humanist, poet and diplomat, friend and pen friend of Erasmus, member of the circle of László Szalkai who would become Archbishop of Esztergom. One of the tutors of the child King Louis from 1516, Royal Secretary from 1520. We have no other data about a permanent contact with Brodarics, who was roughly of the same age, but perhaps

Esztergom. One of the tutors of the child King Louis from 1516, Royal Secretary from 1520. We have no other data about a permanent contact with Brodarics, who was roughly of the same age, but perhaps it is not just by accident that he wrote the letter on the coat of arms, which praises literature and science, in such elegant Latin. 1  Fraknói refers to this letter when he states that one of Brodarics’ tasks was to persuade the Pope to intervene so that Pál Tomori accepts arcbishopric of Kalocsa. (Compare: Fraknói Vilmos, Tomori Pál élete, Századok, 1881, 310.) Brodarics might have

4  Cardinal Giulio de Medici was the cousin of the previous Medici pope, Leo X. After the early death of Hadrian VI he is elected Pope in the autumn of 1523 by the name of Clement VII (1523–1534). 5  There were two imperial assemblies in Nuremberg in 1522, one in the spring, and one in the autumn. The Hungarian King sent his envoys to both in order to obtain aid for the struggle against the Turks and for capturing Nándorfehérvár back. The papal envoy should have supported these Hungarian claims. 6  We do not know exactly when Brodarics arrived in Rome. He probably

Hadrian VI he is elected Pope in the autumn of 1523 by the name of Clement VII (1523–1534). 5  There were two imperial assemblies in Nuremberg in 1522, one in the spring, and one in the autumn. The Hungarian King sent his envoys to both in order to obtain aid for the struggle against the Turks and for capturing Nándorfehérvár back. The papal envoy should have supported these Hungarian claims. 6  We do not know exactly when Brodarics arrived in Rome. He probably left Buda in the end of February, because Iván Borsa mentions in a Hungarica report that he saw in the Siena State

claims. 6  We do not know exactly when Brodarics arrived in Rome. He probably left Buda in the end of February, because Iván Borsa mentions in a Hungarica report that he saw in the Siena State Archives a letter of recommendation by Louis II to Cardinal Raffaello Petrucci on behalf of Brodarics, and this was dated 18 February 1522 (compare: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Particolari, Famiglie Senesi nr. 146). It is known from Mario Sanuto’s diary that he was in Venice on 26 April because that’s when he spoke in front of the council of the Signoria about the aid to Hungary. He got an

dated 18 February 1522 (compare: Archivio di Stato di Siena, Particolari, Famiglie Senesi nr. 146). It is known from Mario Sanuto’s diary that he was in Venice on 26 April because that’s when he spoke in front of the council of the Signoria about the aid to Hungary. He got an answer on 2 May, and Sanuto says he continued his trip to Rome on 3 May. (Compare: Wenzel Gusztáv, Marino Sanuto világkrónikájának Magyarországot illető tudsításai III., Magyar Történelmi Tár XXV. 268–269.) Marsupino writes on 8 August 1522 that he was waiting for Brodarics to arrive in Rome but 3

Magyarországot illető tudsításai III., Magyar Történelmi Tár XXV. 268–269.) Marsupino writes on 8 August 1522 that he was waiting for Brodarics to arrive in Rome but 3 months have passed since his arrival. Thus Brodarics might have reached Rome in the second half of May. 7  Brodarics and Marsupino were heard at a consistory session on 4 September. See Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001. 8  Unfortunately, we have no more letters addressed to King Louis from Rome. 9  Francesco Marsupino, a cleric of Humanist knowledge, a doctor of both

letters addressed to King Louis from Rome. 9  Francesco Marsupino, a cleric of Humanist knowledge, a doctor of both laws, one time secretary of Archbishop Bakócz, stayed in Rome from 1518 as a permanent Hungarian envoy. After 1526 he represented Szapolyai in the papal court. István Brodarics and Ferenc Frangepán both considered him a close friend. In 1542 he still served Ferenc Frangepán. Paul III wanted to send him on a mission to Ireland in 1541 but it did not happen (see Thomas Maccogg, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541–1588, Leiden–New York–Köln,

Szapolyai in the papal court. István Brodarics and Ferenc Frangepán both considered him a close friend. In 1542 he still served Ferenc Frangepán. Paul III wanted to send him on a mission to Ireland in 1541 but it did not happen (see Thomas Maccogg, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541–1588, Leiden–New York–Köln, 1996, 15.) His brother Joannes (Giovanni) Marsupino was Abbot of Kapornak in 1532 and entered the service of Pál Várday in 1548. Regarding the Marsupino brothers see: ETE I. 232., 309., 310.; ETE II. 186–188.; ETE III. 269., 284., 291., 350.,

Ferenc Frangepán. Paul III wanted to send him on a mission to Ireland in 1541 but it did not happen (see Thomas Maccogg, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541–1588, Leiden–New York–Köln, 1996, 15.) His brother Joannes (Giovanni) Marsupino was Abbot of Kapornak in 1532 and entered the service of Pál Várday in 1548. Regarding the Marsupino brothers see: ETE I. 232., 309., 310.; ETE II. 186–188.; ETE III. 269., 284., 291., 350., 380., 416., 474.; ETE IV. 131. ex Florentia, quo eum concessisse Vestra Maiestas non

arrived in Florence around 8 August. He practically fled there from his creditors because he had not received money from Hungary for months. See Iványi Béla, Adalékok a nemzetközi érintkezések történetéhez a Jagelló-korban, Történelmi Tár, 1906, 341–342; and MOL DL 25313. 11  We do not know the referred letter by King Louis. 12  This may be a reference to Archbishop of Esztergom and High Chancellor György Szatmári, a long-time patron of Brodarics. Because of the title Chancellor it is possible that László Szalkai wrote the letter mentioned.

money from Hungary for months. See Iványi Béla, Adalékok a nemzetközi érintkezések történetéhez a Jagelló-korban, Történelmi Tár, 1906, 341–342; and MOL DL 25313. 11  We do not know the referred letter by King Louis. 12  This may be a reference to Archbishop of Esztergom and High Chancellor György Szatmári, a long-time patron of Brodarics. Because of the title Chancellor it is possible that László Szalkai wrote the letter mentioned. 13  It is a reference to the Fugger banking house, which was one of the most important financial institutions of the era that

16. Jahrhundert, Jena, 1963. 14  Brodarics’ planned legation in France did not happen. 15  In the first part of the letter Brodarics says August is the current month, yet the date at the end of the letter is 1 September. This highlights the nature of diplomatic letters: they are summaries, and writing them often took several days as suspected here. 11 Sigismund I 1 to István Brodarics [Vilnius], [22 October 1522]2 Manuscript used: BK 228fol.

papal court just as his envoys often represent the Hungarian King. Brodarics should achieve with the Pope that the Pope appoints the candidate of King Sigismund Bishop of Przemiśl Rafał for the vacant position of Bishop of Płock. Appointing anybody else would violate the rights of the country and create confusion. Non pridem antequam litterae tuae nobis sunt redditae, 4 accepimus oratorem nostrum episcopum Plocensem istic vita functum 5 et affecti sumus magna molestia, quod hac eius inopina morte complures res et negotia nostra sunt

from a 16th-century copy kept in Kórnik. This is what I used. Its address says the letter is to the Hungarian King’s envoy at the Holy Seat (oratori regis Hungariae apud Sedem Apostolicam). Since we do not know of any letter from Sigismund to Marsupino during Brodarics’ envoyship in Rome, and Brodarics indicates in his response on 1 January 1523 that he did get a letter from the Polish King, I deem it more probable that the addressee of the above letter is Brodarics. 4  This letter is unknown. The above letter is the earliest that left to us from the correspondence of Brodarics

and Brodarics indicates in his response on 1 January 1523 that he did get a letter from the Polish King, I deem it more probable that the addressee of the above letter is Brodarics. 4  This letter is unknown. The above letter is the earliest that left to us from the correspondence of Brodarics and the Polish King. 5  Erazm Ciołek (1474–1522), Bishop of Płock, died as an envoy of Sigismund in Rome on 9 September 1522. More on his life: Henryk Folwarski, Erazm Ciołek biskup i dyplomata, Warszawa, 1935. 6  Hungarian King Louis II was the cousin of Sigismund. 7  Without doubt this

12 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 1 January 1523 Manuscript used: BN T. 4. fol. 122 r–v. 1 Published: Acta Tomiciana VI. 219–220. 1. Brodarics fulfilled Sigismund’s request and approached the Pope regarding the Płock bishopric and the matter of indulgences. Sigismund will learn the Pope’s answer from a letter to be sent through Anton Fugger. – 2. He informs Sigismund that the Pope holds him in the highest esteem among all Christian rulers, and he alone is

12 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 1 January 1523 Manuscript used: BN T. 4. fol. 122 r–v. 1 Published: Acta Tomiciana VI. 219–220. 1. Brodarics fulfilled Sigismund’s request and approached the Pope regarding the Płock bishopric and the matter of indulgences. Sigismund will learn the Pope’s answer from a letter to be sent through Anton Fugger. – 2. He informs Sigismund that the Pope holds him in the highest esteem among all Christian rulers, and he alone is considered the refuge of Christianity and also the only

Sigismund’s request and approached the Pope regarding the Płock bishopric and the matter of indulgences. Sigismund will learn the Pope’s answer from a letter to be sent through Anton Fugger. – 2. He informs Sigismund that the Pope holds him in the highest esteem among all Christian rulers, and he alone is considered the refuge of Christianity and also the only support of Hungarian King Louis. – 3. He says he is happy to be available for Sigismund because he knows that by serving Sigismund he is of service to his own master Louis. Serenissime

the Płock bishopric and the matter of indulgences. Sigismund will learn the Pope’s answer from a letter to be sent through Anton Fugger. – 2. He informs Sigismund that the Pope holds him in the highest esteem among all Christian rulers, and he alone is considered the refuge of Christianity and also the only support of Hungarian King Louis. – 3. He says he is happy to be available for Sigismund because he knows that by serving Sigismund he is of service to his own master Louis. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine Clementissime. Post

the commission be transferred to Bishop of Poznań Piotr Tomicki. Compare: AT VI. 135. 5  The breves of Hadrian VI did not survive. 6  Anton Fugger (1493–1560): cousin of Jakob Fugger, who laid down the foundations for the power of banker family. After his childless uncle dies (1525), he and his brothers take over control of the Fugger banking house. (More on Anton Fugger: Götz Freiherr von Pölnitz, Anton Fugger, Bd 1–3., Tübingen, 1958–1986. On the Fuggers’ activities in Rome: Aloys Schulte, Die Fugger in Rom 1495–1523, 2 Bde, Leipzig, 1904.) Sigismund counted on the

Fugger, Bd 1–3., Tübingen, 1958–1986. On the Fuggers’ activities in Rome: Aloys Schulte, Die Fugger in Rom 1495–1523, 2 Bde, Leipzig, 1904.) Sigismund counted on the help of the Fuggers – who were influential in Rome – in settling the dispute with the Pope. His letters to Jakob Fugger and Jan Boner from the end of October demonstrate this (see: AT VI. 145–147.) Anton Fugger must have written to the Polish ruler on this matter. 7  Hungarian King Louis II was the cousin of Sigismund. 8  Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade, today: Beograd, Serbia) was occupied by the Turks on 29

incendiis, quae ex hoc 1  Achilles de Grassis (or Achille Grassi) (1456–1523), Cardinal. A high priest of Polish origin. He went on diplomatic missions to several European courts from 1508. Sigismund wrote several letters to him concerning the Płock bishopric in the autumn of 1522, and asked for his intervention. (Compare: AT VI. 145–146, 153–154, 207.) oriri possent, non potui tamen aliud et magis praesentaneum responsum a Sua Sanctitate impetrare. [2.] Responsum ipsum, quod uterque nostrum habuit,

ex: victoriosum From Sigismund‘s answer below it seems he had not received de Grassis’ letter. Essentially the Pope refused all of Sigismund’s requests. His candidate for the bishopric of Płock remained Marquis Johann Albrecht, he reduced the period of the kermess to half a year, and wanted to charge his own people with the collection of the Peter’s pence. Naturally, Sigismund protested indignantly. See his letter to Cardinal de Grassis: AT VI. 207. 4  Against this argumentation, the Polish court referred to international law which says that envoys are entitled to

wanted to charge his own people with the collection of the Peter’s pence. Naturally, Sigismund protested indignantly. See his letter to Cardinal de Grassis: AT VI. 207. 4  Against this argumentation, the Polish court referred to international law which says that envoys are entitled to immunity and extraterritoriality, so it does not matter that Ciołek died in Rome. Since he was an envoy of the Polish King, it should be regarded as if he had died in Poland. Compare:. Sigismund’s letter to Archbishop of Gniezno Jan Łaski: AT VI. 159–160.

26 January 1523 Manuscript used: BN T. 4. fol. 131r. Published: Acta Tomiciana VI. 226. Brodarics, as instructed, held negotiations with the Pope again regarding the Płock bishopric. The King will learn the Pope’s intentions from the latter’s breve. The Pope shows goodwill towards him and is ready to please him in any way since he knows that the fate of Christianity is in a large part in Sigismund’s hands. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine Clementissime. Post servitutis meae in gratiam Vestrae Serenissimae Maiestatis humillimam

15 Sigismund I to István Brodarics [Cracow], [February 1523] Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 70r–v. 1 1. Letters of Brodarics leave him in uncertainty regarding bishoprics of Płock and Przemiśl. – 2. He asks for clarification of the situation. Should the Pope decide otherwise than he wishes, he will in no way be diverted from his purpose. Reverendissime Devote nobis Dilecte. [1.] In negotio episcopatuum Plocensis et

Brodarics’ congratulation to him for his appointment as Bishop of Przemiśl. He did not strive for it, did not even think of it. He is afraid, however, that a bishopric so near the Turks will hinder him in achieving his literary goals. – 3. He has been informed about the election of the Pope, and is worried that the situation of the church would not improve in Poland, especially due to schemes of the Czech. – 4. He has been informed that there are plots in Rome regarding the rest of his benefices, although he cannot accept the bishopric without those.

Vestrae a quodam, qui dudum istinc 4 nostro om. BCzart TN 35 4 alteris: alterius BCzart TN 35 1 domine om. BK 245 2  15 voluerit: velit BCzart TN 35 2 post Vestrae ms. BK 245: Reverendissimae add. Presumably Brodarics’ letters written on 1 and 15 January 1523. 1  Andrzej Krzycki (1482–1537) Humanist, poet, high priest, diplomat. Cousin of Bishop of Cracow and Vice-Chancellor Piotr Tomicki. On his life more recently: Leszek Barszcz, Andrzej Krzycki, poeta, dyplomata, prymas, Gniezno, 2005.

15 voluerit: velit BCzart TN 35 2 post Vestrae ms. BK 245: Reverendissimae add. Presumably Brodarics’ letters written on 1 and 15 January 1523. 1  Andrzej Krzycki (1482–1537) Humanist, poet, high priest, diplomat. Cousin of Bishop of Cracow and Vice-Chancellor Piotr Tomicki. On his life more recently: Leszek Barszcz, Andrzej Krzycki, poeta, dyplomata, prymas, Gniezno, 2005. [Bibliography 196–203.] 2  Another manuscript: BK 245 fol. 29 r–v ex Urbe venerat, accepi, ex quibus quam non

met there. 4  After the death of Bishop of Płock Erazm Ciołek (1522) Sigismund appointed Rafał Leszczyński, Bishop of Przemiśl as his successor. Thus the latter bishopric became vacant. Krzycki, who had been Provost of Poznań got this. 5  A clear allusion to the discord between the Pope and the Polish court regarding the appointment of bishops Non desunt Bohemi et alii vicini, qui ignem succendant, nisi quod aegre adhuc per pontifices nostros arcetur incendium. Ego me huic aleae admixtum vehementer doleo, meque, si iuris mei

17 Sigismund I to István Brodarics [Cracow], [around 15 May 1523] Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 71r–v. 1 1. Sigismund cannot understand why matters of the bishoprics of Płock and Przemiśl take so long to settle, when the Pope does not benefit from this, but his candidates suffer considerable harm. – 2. He asks Brodarics to help his envoy to the Pope in every way since he will not allow settling the matter differently than what he had decided.

Moldvával és Havasalfölddel való viszonyához, Budapest, 1914, 125. 2 1. He has learnt that a papal envoy arrives in Hungary with an aid of fifty thousand gold coins. This is needed badly for hiring mercenaries as soon as possible. – 2. The Turks occupied Wallachia again, and, together with the two Romanian voivodships and the Tatars they represent a serious threat to Transylvania and Szörény, and even the whole country. A significant Turkish force assembled already near Szörény which, although would not start an overall attack on the country, can cause

Budapest, 1914, 125. 2 1. He has learnt that a papal envoy arrives in Hungary with an aid of fifty thousand gold coins. This is needed badly for hiring mercenaries as soon as possible. – 2. The Turks occupied Wallachia again, and, together with the two Romanian voivodships and the Tatars they represent a serious threat to Transylvania and Szörény, and even the whole country. A significant Turkish force assembled already near Szörény which, although would not start an overall attack on the country, can cause considerable harm through minor attacks and occupying

that a papal envoy arrives in Hungary with an aid of fifty thousand gold coins. This is needed badly for hiring mercenaries as soon as possible. – 2. The Turks occupied Wallachia again, and, together with the two Romanian voivodships and the Tatars they represent a serious threat to Transylvania and Szörény, and even the whole country. A significant Turkish force assembled already near Szörény which, although would not start an overall attack on the country, can cause considerable harm through minor attacks and occupying border fortresses. – 3. The Turks threaten Croatia. Lightning

arrives in Hungary with an aid of fifty thousand gold coins. This is needed badly for hiring mercenaries as soon as possible. – 2. The Turks occupied Wallachia again, and, together with the two Romanian voivodships and the Tatars they represent a serious threat to Transylvania and Szörény, and even the whole country. A significant Turkish force assembled already near Szörény which, although would not start an overall attack on the country, can cause considerable harm through minor attacks and occupying border fortresses. – 3. The Turks threaten Croatia. Lightning has hit the

voivodships and the Tatars they represent a serious threat to Transylvania and Szörény, and even the whole country. A significant Turkish force assembled already near Szörény which, although would not start an overall attack on the country, can cause considerable harm through minor attacks and occupying border fortresses. – 3. The Turks threaten Croatia. Lightning has hit the powdermagazine in Temesvár. It exploded and there is significant damage. He asks Brodarics to urge the Pope to give financial aid in any case. – 4. Louis does everything in his power to contain the Turks,

Turkish force assembled already near Szörény which, although would not start an overall attack on the country, can cause considerable harm through minor attacks and occupying border fortresses. – 3. The Turks threaten Croatia. Lightning has hit the powdermagazine in Temesvár. It exploded and there is significant damage. He asks Brodarics to urge the Pope to give financial aid in any case. – 4. Louis does everything in his power to contain the Turks, but this is not a struggle between equals since it should not be the task of one sole king to defeat the lord of a whole empire. –

correxi ex: exercitos. We do not know Brodarics’ letter. Few of the breves of Hadrian VI survived, there is none among these that was sent to Louis II. (For this piece of data I am indebted to Gábor Nemes.) 5  Tommaso Cajetan De Vio (1468–1534) Dominican monk, eminent theologian and philosopher, protector of papal primacy. Legate of Hadrian VI in Hungary in 1523. 6  V. Radu (Radu de la Afumaţi) Voivod of Wallachia, illegitimate son of Radu cel Mare. Usually his policies were anti-Turkish, and he had to leave his country several times between 1522–1529. He fled to

5  Tommaso Cajetan De Vio (1468–1534) Dominican monk, eminent theologian and philosopher, protector of papal primacy. Legate of Hadrian VI in Hungary in 1523. 6  V. Radu (Radu de la Afumaţi) Voivod of Wallachia, illegitimate son of Radu cel Mare. Usually his policies were anti-Turkish, and he had to leave his country several times between 1522–1529. He fled to Transylvania from the Turks invading his country in April 1523, but with the support of János Szapolyai, Transylvanian Voivod, he recaptured his throne already in January 1524. When he turned against the Sultan once

19 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 10 June 1523 Manuscript used: BN T. 5. fol. 4r–5r. Published: Acta Tomiciana VI. 286–288. 1. Finally, success has been achieved in the matters of the bishoprics of Płock and Przemiśl. Cardinal Pucci fulfilled all the wishes of Sigismund; nevertheless, Brodarics himself did his utmost for success. – 2. New envoy of the King of England, Bishop of Bath has arrived. It is not known yet what suggestions he has regard 39 Sacrorum correxi ex: sacrum

for success. – 2. New envoy of the King of England, Bishop of Bath has arrived. It is not known yet what suggestions he has regard 39 Sacrorum correxi ex: sacrum ing peace. Supposedly, the French King’s envoy is also on his way. – 3. He works day and night to obtain aid to King Louis; he hopes to squeeze out something after the lengthy procrastination. – 4. Cardinal Soderini is suspected of wanting to induce a riot in Sicily. He has been locked up in the Saint Angel Castle. Three cardinals investigate the case; no decision has been made

of wanting to induce a riot in Sicily. He has been locked up in the Saint Angel Castle. Three cardinals investigate the case; no decision has been made yet. – 5. He says sorry to Sigismund for daring to interfere in matters that are perhaps beyond his scope, however, he does this for Sigismund and Hungary. – 6. It is said in Rome that Sigismund advised his cousin to consider signing peace or at least armistice with the Turks, since he is left on his own by Christian rulers. Brodarics feels Sigismund could not have given better or more beneficial advice, since he has been working on

his cousin to consider signing peace or at least armistice with the Turks, since he is left on his own by Christian rulers. Brodarics feels Sigismund could not have given better or more beneficial advice, since he has been working on obtaining aid to Hungary sideby-side with Francesco Marsupino, and with the envoy of Archduke Ferdinand, for a whole year now, and received nothing but empty promises. Neither the Holy Seat nor other rulers can be counted upon, so Hungary and Poland themselves have to reach agreement with the Turks. Serenissime Princeps

the Turks, since he is left on his own by Christian rulers. Brodarics feels Sigismund could not have given better or more beneficial advice, since he has been working on obtaining aid to Hungary sideby-side with Francesco Marsupino, and with the envoy of Archduke Ferdinand, for a whole year now, and received nothing but empty promises. Neither the Holy Seat nor other rulers can be counted upon, so Hungary and Poland themselves have to reach agreement with the Turks. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae

or more beneficial advice, since he has been working on obtaining aid to Hungary sideby-side with Francesco Marsupino, and with the envoy of Archduke Ferdinand, for a whole year now, and received nothing but empty promises. Neither the Holy Seat nor other rulers can be counted upon, so Hungary and Poland themselves have to reach agreement with the Turks. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Maiestatis Vestrae humillimam commendationem. [1.] Iam tandem tot

principis Ferdinandi 7 diligentissime atque acerrime toto isto tempore maximo labore et 3  Cardinal Francesco Soderini, Bishop of Volterra, was arrested on 27 April 1523 for encouraging the French King to occupy Sicily. Soderini was locked up in the Saint Angel Castle and a legal procedure started. Only the death of Hadrian VI brought it to an end. He was released after 14 September 1523, what’s more, he was allowed to participate in the conclave. More on his life: K. J. P. Lowe, Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy. The Life and Career of Cardinal

King to occupy Sicily. Soderini was locked up in the Saint Angel Castle and a legal procedure started. Only the death of Hadrian VI brought it to an end. He was released after 14 September 1523, what’s more, he was allowed to participate in the conclave. More on his life: K. J. P. Lowe, Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy. The Life and Career of Cardinal Francesco Sodarini (1453–1524), Cambridge, 1993. (Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture) 4  Pope Leo X (1513–1521) 5  glorians maria montisque polliceri coepit: Sallustius: Cat. 23, 3 , 4 . Only

up in the Saint Angel Castle and a legal procedure started. Only the death of Hadrian VI brought it to an end. He was released after 14 September 1523, what’s more, he was allowed to participate in the conclave. More on his life: K. J. P. Lowe, Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy. The Life and Career of Cardinal Francesco Sodarini (1453–1524), Cambridge, 1993. (Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture) 4  Pope Leo X (1513–1521) 5  glorians maria montisque polliceri coepit: Sallustius: Cat. 23, 3 , 4 . Only Sallustius uses this combination of words in

He was released after 14 September 1523, what’s more, he was allowed to participate in the conclave. More on his life: K. J. P. Lowe, Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy. The Life and Career of Cardinal Francesco Sodarini (1453–1524), Cambridge, 1993. (Cambridge Studies in Italian History and Culture) 4  Pope Leo X (1513–1521) 5  glorians maria montisque polliceri coepit: Sallustius: Cat. 23, 3 , 4 . Only Sallustius uses this combination of words in classical literature. 6  Francesco Marsupino, one-time Secretary of Archbishop Bakócz, stayed in Rome from

Sallustius uses this combination of words in classical literature. 6  Francesco Marsupino, one-time Secretary of Archbishop Bakócz, stayed in Rome from 1518 as a permanent Hungarian envoy. 7  Starting with 7 February 1523, Ferdinand had two envoys in Rome, Pedro de Cordoba (Pedro Salamanca) and Girolamo Balbi. Pedro de Cordoba left Rome at the end of April, while Balbi stayed until about mid-June. Since Brodarics speaks about an envoy, it is unclear whom he refers to, but the date of the letter (10 June) makes Balbi more probable. Brodarics had known him longer anyway. Compare:

20 Sigismund I to István Brodarics [Cracow], [July 1523] Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 74v–75r. 1 1. Brodarics is thanked for his help so far regarding the matters of the bishoprics of Płock and Przemiśl. Following Brodarics’ advice, he uses a softer tone in writing to the Pope, even though he already displayed more self-control than what was suggested by his subjects in a matter in which his country and his adherents are wronged. – 2. Brodarics is asked to settle matters of the

is thanked for his help so far regarding the matters of the bishoprics of Płock and Przemiśl. Following Brodarics’ advice, he uses a softer tone in writing to the Pope, even though he already displayed more self-control than what was suggested by his subjects in a matter in which his country and his adherents are wronged. – 2. Brodarics is asked to settle matters of the two bishoprics without further delay or difficulties; benefices of the Canon of Cracow should be sent to Opaliński. Reverende sincere nobis Dilecte. [1.]

Pál, XVI. századi magyar irodalomtörténeti vonatkozású újabb levelek a zsélyi levéltárból, Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 1930, 222–223. In Hungarian: V. Kovács Sándor, Magyar humanisták levelei XV–XVI. század, Budapest, 1971, 559. 1. Várdai is informed that Archdean and Hungarian confessor in Rome János Lászai has been buried. Brodarics wants to recommend Imre Kálnai for the position to the Pope. He requests Várdai’s support so that the position does not fall into the hands of foreigners. – 2. He assumes, Várdai has learnt about the pact among

His acquaintance with Brodarics undoubtedly began in Padua where they studied at the same time enjoying the benefices of prebend. Vladis laus II ordered in 1500 (see MOL DL 82165, 82166, 82167, 82200) that Vitus Roznár, as a foreigner, be deprived of his benefices as Custos of Gyulafehérvár, and those were given to Várday. (Compare: Hermann Zsuzsanna, Egy humanista karrierje (Balbi Jeromos), Az Egyetemi Könyvtár vkönyvei, Budapest, 1964, 228.) Several of Várday’s letters written in Italy between March 1500 and April 1504 survived. (His letter on 10 April 1501 was published by

a foreigner, be deprived of his benefices as Custos of Gyulafehérvár, and those were given to Várday. (Compare: Hermann Zsuzsanna, Egy humanista karrierje (Balbi Jeromos), Az Egyetemi Könyvtár vkönyvei, Budapest, 1964, 228.) Several of Várday’s letters written in Italy between March 1500 and April 1504 survived. (His letter on 10 April 1501 was published by Pál Lukcsics: XVI. századi magyar irodalomtörténeti vonatkozású újabb levelek a zsélyi levéltárból, Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 1930, 222. His other letters are kept in the MOL: Padua, 20 March 1500. DL 82163;

letter on 10 April 1501 was published by Pál Lukcsics: XVI. századi magyar irodalomtörténeti vonatkozású újabb levelek a zsélyi levéltárból, Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 1930, 222. His other letters are kept in the MOL: Padua, 20 March 1500. DL 82163; 19 January 1503. DL 82195; and 21 January DL 82196; Bologna, 23 July 1503. DL 82199; Venice, 3 September 1503 DL 82201; Bologna, 20 April 1504. DL 82207.) After his return home, he is Royal Secretary first, then Treasurer, later Bishop of Vác, then of Transylvania. Compare: Borsa Gedeon, Bornemisza Pál megemlékezése

22 Sigismund I to István Brodarics [Cracow], [September 1523]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 76r. 2 1. Doctor Lucas has returned from Rome and reported about Brodarics’ diligence in the case of the Płock bishopric. Brodarics can therefore count on the King’s gratitude. – 2. He holds grudges for the matter has not been settled yet because of the increased sum of annata, even though this sum was designated for fight against the

can therefore count on the King’s gratitude. – 2. He holds grudges for the matter has not been settled yet because of the increased sum of annata, even though this sum was designated for fight against the infidels. Thus, leaving it with the country would be more appropriate than increasing it and thereby ransack the country. – 3. Brodarics should intervene for a discussion of the letter by Bishop of Płock and for renunciation of an increase of annata. 4 Kálnai, with Brodarics’ assistance, filed an application to Hadrian VI to earn archdeanship of Telegd right after

of the increased sum of annata, even though this sum was designated for fight against the infidels. Thus, leaving it with the country would be more appropriate than increasing it and thereby ransack the country. – 3. Brodarics should intervene for a discussion of the letter by Bishop of Płock and for renunciation of an increase of annata. 4 Kálnai, with Brodarics’ assistance, filed an application to Hadrian VI to earn archdeanship of Telegd right after the death of Lászai. He got it. More recently on Brodarics’ role in the appointment of Kálnai using numerous sources

Brodericus praepositus Quinqueecclesiensis, orator 3 apud factum in marg.: post mortem Adriani eadem manu add. Hadrian VI died on 14 September 1523. French troops started the siege of Milan on 24 September 1523, and although they maintained a blockade the whole winter, they did not succeed in capturing it. On hearing about the approaching rescue army they had to retreat. 3  See the previous letter. 4 Louis II, Hungarian King (1516–1526). 5  I have found no data about the identity of the Milan

3  See the previous letter. 4 Louis II, Hungarian King (1516–1526). 5  I have found no data about the identity of the Milan envoy. 6  Duke Charles de Bourbon, an eminent commander in chief of Francis I fell out with the French ruler in 1522 as a result of inheritance issue, deserted him and sided with Charles V. France was attacked from three directions under his leadership at the end of 1522: The English landed in Picardia, a Spanish army besieged Bayonne, a German mercenary army intruded into Champagne under the leadership of Wilhelm von Fürstenberg. See Rázsó Gyula, A

Manuscript used: MOL DF 826212 Published: Lukcsics Pál, XVI. századi magyar irodalomtörténeti vonatkozású újabb levelek a zsélyi levéltárból, Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 1930, 223–225. 1. Várdai is informed in detail on the outcome of the trial about the will of János Lászai and on Várdai’s duties regarding this. He suggests accepting the agreement offered, since he cannot expect a better deal: the Pauline Fathers should get their 60 forints that is due, and the 200 forints that Lászai owed them according to his will. – 2. He asks Várdai to send also the 16

1930, 223–225. 1. Várdai is informed in detail on the outcome of the trial about the will of János Lászai and on Várdai’s duties regarding this. He suggests accepting the agreement offered, since he cannot expect a better deal: the Pauline Fathers should get their 60 forints that is due, and the 200 forints that Lászai owed them according to his will. – 2. He asks Várdai to send also the 16 forints that Kálnai borrowed for the journey home and for which Brodarics vouched. – 3. There is still no Pope; the French are stationed at Milan; the Emperor is about to intrude in

accepting the agreement offered, since he cannot expect a better deal: the Pauline Fathers should get their 60 forints that is due, and the 200 forints that Lászai owed them according to his will. – 2. He asks Várdai to send also the 16 forints that Kálnai borrowed for the journey home and for which Brodarics vouched. – 3. There is still no Pope; the French are stationed at Milan; the Emperor is about to intrude in France from Navarra. – 4. Kálnai is brought into his attention again. Kálnai’s loyalty and knowledge make him worthy of becoming Archdean of Telegd.

to send also the 16 forints that Kálnai borrowed for the journey home and for which Brodarics vouched. – 3. There is still no Pope; the French are stationed at Milan; the Emperor is about to intrude in France from Navarra. – 4. Kálnai is brought into his attention again. Kálnai’s loyalty and knowledge make him worthy of becoming Archdean of Telegd. Reverendissime Domine, Domine mihi Colendissime. [1.] Iam binas dedi litteras 3 ad Dominationem Vestram Reverendissimam de ea re, de qua dominum Emericum

episcopo Transsylvano, Domino observandissimo. This means that the afterword, too, was written before 19 November. did not support appointment of Kálnai in spite of the recommendation of Brodarics and the Pope’s decree, so the young Humanist could receive the income coming from the archdeanship only two years later, when the bishop was János Gosztonyi. Compare: V. Kovács Sándor, Egy humanista a mohácsi vész korában (Kálnai Imre), Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények, 1970, 663.

mentioned. Even though Clement VII sent an envoy to Charles V on 8 December 1523 in connection with peace, he was not a Cardinal but one of the Pope’ Chamberlains, Bernardino della Barba. The next peace envoy Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg set off for his round trip through Spain, France, and England only in March 1524. Compare: Ludwig von Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste IV/2... 179. 26 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 15 December 1523 Manuscript used:

26 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 15 December 1523 Manuscript used: BN T. 5. fol. 41r–v. Published: Acta Tomiciana VI. 348. 1. Nothing has been achieved concerning the Płock annata. The annata for Płock have always been 2000 ducats, and if Alexander VI or any other Pope asked for less on one or two occasions, this does not change what is due officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are

the Płock annata. The annata for Płock have always been 2000 ducats, and if Alexander VI or any other Pope asked for less on one or two occasions, this does not change what is due officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are small for this to happen because the French King and his opponents stubbornly cling to their demands. Sigismund and Louis have to find other ways of protecting their countries. Serenissime Princeps

less on one or two occasions, this does not change what is due officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are small for this to happen because the French King and his opponents stubbornly cling to their demands. Sigismund and Louis have to find other ways of protecting their countries. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam

officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are small for this to happen because the French King and his opponents stubbornly cling to their demands. Sigismund and Louis have to find other ways of protecting their countries. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam commendationem. [1.] Scripsi his diebus 1

27 Louis II to István Brodarics Pozsony, 12 January 1524 Manuscript used: HHStA, Ung. Akt. Fasc. 1. Konv. D, fol. 57. 1 1. The Sultan spreads false rumours about his preparations for a war against Persia in order to lull Hungary and Europe to sleep, while spy reports and information from Voivods of Moldova and Wallachia suggest that he wants to attack Hungary in March in alliance with the Tatars. – 2. Knowing this, Ferdinand also sent an envoy to Rome to press for the aid. Brodarics should cooperate with the Austrian

27 Louis II to István Brodarics Pozsony, 12 January 1524 Manuscript used: HHStA, Ung. Akt. Fasc. 1. Konv. D, fol. 57. 1 1. The Sultan spreads false rumours about his preparations for a war against Persia in order to lull Hungary and Europe to sleep, while spy reports and information from Voivods of Moldova and Wallachia suggest that he wants to attack Hungary in March in alliance with the Tatars. – 2. Knowing this, Ferdinand also sent an envoy to Rome to press for the aid. Brodarics should cooperate with the Austrian envoy fully. – 3. The Pope should order

Pozsony, 12 January 1524 Manuscript used: HHStA, Ung. Akt. Fasc. 1. Konv. D, fol. 57. 1 1. The Sultan spreads false rumours about his preparations for a war against Persia in order to lull Hungary and Europe to sleep, while spy reports and information from Voivods of Moldova and Wallachia suggest that he wants to attack Hungary in March in alliance with the Tatars. – 2. Knowing this, Ferdinand also sent an envoy to Rome to press for the aid. Brodarics should cooperate with the Austrian envoy fully. – 3. The Pope should order Legate Cajetan de Vio to pay the money

of Dalmatian origin, Canon of Spalato from 1499, later Archdean, Secretary of Croatian Ban Péter Beriszló from 1514. Protonotary Apostolic from 1519, Bishop of Scardona from 1520. The Pope sent him to Poland in January 1523 as his envoy. (Compare: AT VI. 220–222, 222–224, 224–225., and Henricus Damianus Wojtyska CP, Acta nunciaturae Poloniae Tom. II., Romae, 1992, 137– 147., also by him, Toma Crnić jedini sloven nuncije u Polskoj, Radovi 21 Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog Fakulteta, Zagreb, 1988, 35–44.) 1   

who invaded Wallachia (see the letter by Louis II to Brodarics on 1 June 1523). He fought the throne back in January 1524 from his own brother Radu VI (Radu Baduca) who got the position from the Turks. 5  Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Habsburg (1522–1564), brother-in-law of Louis II, Hungarian and Czech King (1526–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1558–1564). 6  Pope Clement VII. 7  Andreas da Burgo (dal Borgo) (1467–1533). Comes from a merchant family in Cremona. He was raised in the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and entered the service of Maximilian Habsburg in 1502. Fulfilled

Habsburg (1522–1564), brother-in-law of Louis II, Hungarian and Czech King (1526–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1558–1564). 6  Pope Clement VII. 7  Andreas da Burgo (dal Borgo) (1467–1533). Comes from a merchant family in Cremona. He was raised in the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and entered the service of Maximilian Habsburg in 1502. Fulfilled diplomatic tasks until his death. More on his life: Rosemarie Aulinger, Andrea da Borgo = Contemporaries of Erasmus: a Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Toronto, 1985, 172–173; Rill, Fürst und

in Cremona. He was raised in the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and entered the service of Maximilian Habsburg in 1502. Fulfilled diplomatic tasks until his death. More on his life: Rosemarie Aulinger, Andrea da Borgo = Contemporaries of Erasmus: a Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Toronto, 1985, 172–173; Rill, Fürst und Hof...141–150. 8  Cardinal Tommaso Cajetan De Vio, Bishop of Gaeta, was sent to Hungary as a legate with Baron Burgio in 1523 by Hadrian VI. 9  Pope Hadrian promised aid of 100,000 gold pieces for the fight against the Turks. He

28 István Brodarics to Theodor Vafer 1 Rome, 11 February 1524 Manuscript used: MOL, DL 47545 The inheritance of Hungarian confessor in Rome János Lászai, 147 ducats, should be deposited in the Altoviti bank according to the wishes of Philippus de Senis and Vincenzo Baldi. Domine Theoderice. Ego sum contentus, quod illa pecunia domini Ioannis penitenciarii 2 Hungari, ducati videlicet centum quadraginta septem deponantur in Banco Altoviti 3 iuxta voluntatem

Chamber. Hungarian confessor in Rome János Lászai died on 17 August 1523. Regarding his death see two letters by Brodarics to Transylvanian Bishop Ferenc Várdai. 13  The banking house operated by Bindo Altoviti of Florence was a leading bank in contemporary Rome. More on the banking house and Altoviti: Coriolano Belloni, Un banchiere del rinascimento, Roma, 1935. 12  11   domini Philippi de Senis 4 et domini Vincencii Baldi 5 decretorum doctoris, ad instantiam tamen omnium nostrorum.

a detailed report of the news; even though the tenths will be collected, there is still little hope [for saving Hungary] if there will be no peace among Christian rulers. – 2. News came from Spalato, Croatia, to Venice that the Sanjak-Bey of Bosnia sent major infantry force to besiege Klissa and he will soon follow with a major force of cavalry. According to news from Constantinople, the Turks are busy with preparations both on land and water. Pope Clement is trying to bring food and ammunition to the besieged Klissa, but it is feared that it will arrive late.

peace among Christian rulers. – 2. News came from Spalato, Croatia, to Venice that the Sanjak-Bey of Bosnia sent major infantry force to besiege Klissa and he will soon follow with a major force of cavalry. According to news from Constantinople, the Turks are busy with preparations both on land and water. Pope Clement is trying to bring food and ammunition to the besieged Klissa, but it is feared that it will arrive late. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Serenitatis humillimam

from Spalato, Croatia, to Venice that the Sanjak-Bey of Bosnia sent major infantry force to besiege Klissa and he will soon follow with a major force of cavalry. According to news from Constantinople, the Turks are busy with preparations both on land and water. Pope Clement is trying to bring food and ammunition to the besieged Klissa, but it is feared that it will arrive late. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Serenitatis humillimam commendationem. [1.] Ad

dum vivam, addictissimum 4  Philippus de Senis (Philip of Siena), a cleric in the papal chamber, Canon of Esztergom. Pope Leo X made Philippus de Senis director of chapel consecrated to the Virgin Mary Taken to the Sky in 1513. The chapel belonged to the Esztergom chapter and de Senis entered a long legal battle against the chapter. Compare: Solymosi László (ed.), Az esztergomi székeskáptalan jegyzőkönyve (1500–1502, 1507–1527), Budapest, 2002., 22. Regarding the trial, see the following documents: ASV, Archivum Arcis (AA) Arm. XI, caps I. Nr 156., 2527.,

and de Senis entered a long legal battle against the chapter. Compare: Solymosi László (ed.), Az esztergomi székeskáptalan jegyzőkönyve (1500–1502, 1507–1527), Budapest, 2002., 22. Regarding the trial, see the following documents: ASV, Archivum Arcis (AA) Arm. XI, caps I. Nr 156., 2527., and ASV, Archivum Arcis XI, caps I. Nr 168. 2533., and Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 601–602. 5 Vincenzo Baldi de Pistoria. Arrived in Hungary as a member of the retinue of papal legate Cardinal Pietro Isvalies. He soon became

chapter. Compare: Solymosi László (ed.), Az esztergomi székeskáptalan jegyzőkönyve (1500–1502, 1507–1527), Budapest, 2002., 22. Regarding the trial, see the following documents: ASV, Archivum Arcis (AA) Arm. XI, caps I. Nr 156., 2527., and ASV, Archivum Arcis XI, caps I. Nr 168. 2533., and Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 601–602. 5 Vincenzo Baldi de Pistoria. Arrived in Hungary as a member of the retinue of papal legate Cardinal Pietro Isvalies. He soon became Canon of Veszprém, altar director of the St. John

in Dalmatia. The fortress was besieged from 5 February by troops of the Bosnian Bey. Compare: Marko Perojević, Petar Kružić kapetan i knez grada Klisa. Zagreb, 1931, 67. 6  Pope Clement VII. 7  The army of Constable of Zengg Péter Krusics, carried there on the sea, smashed the Turkish army and liberated the castle on 10 April. Marko Perojević, Petar Kružić kapetan i knez grada Klisa. Zagreb, 1931, 67–70. 30 Louis II to István Brodarics Buda, 8 March 1524

1. The fall of Ostrovica raised concerns in Rome. It is serious loss indeed, but more will follow, because the country’s resources are not sufficient to contain the ever strengthening Turks. – 2. 32,000 forints per year are spent on the borderland in Croatia only, even in peace time, and upholding Temesvár, Pétervárad, Szörény, and Titel, not to mention Jajca, costs enormous sums. So loosing Ostrovica is not due to negligence but to poverty. – 3. He is happy to hear that the Pope launched an investigation into the abuses around grain sent to Croatia, something that King

in Rome. It is serious loss indeed, but more will follow, because the country’s resources are not sufficient to contain the ever strengthening Turks. – 2. 32,000 forints per year are spent on the borderland in Croatia only, even in peace time, and upholding Temesvár, Pétervárad, Szörény, and Titel, not to mention Jajca, costs enormous sums. So loosing Ostrovica is not due to negligence but to poverty. – 3. He is happy to hear that the Pope launched an investigation into the abuses around grain sent to Croatia, something that King Louis also called for. – 4. More favourable news

3. He is happy to hear that the Pope launched an investigation into the abuses around grain sent to Croatia, something that King Louis also called for. – 4. More favourable news about the situation in Hungary would probably boost the Pope’s good will, but this is possible only if His Holiness and Christian rulers help the country with deeds instead of lip service. – 5. He is pleased to hear that Legate Campeggio has arrive. He will hopefully be successful in combating Lutheran heresy and in stimulating German reigning princes to fight the Turks. He instructed his envoys to negotiate

in Hungary would probably boost the Pope’s good will, but this is possible only if His Holiness and Christian rulers help the country with deeds instead of lip service. – 5. He is pleased to hear that Legate Campeggio has arrive. He will hopefully be successful in combating Lutheran heresy and in stimulating German reigning princes to fight the Turks. He instructed his envoys to negotiate with Campeggio as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da

He is pleased to hear that Legate Campeggio has arrive. He will hopefully be successful in combating Lutheran heresy and in stimulating German reigning princes to fight the Turks. He instructed his envoys to negotiate with Campeggio as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should

Campeggio as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to

as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi.

Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi. – 9. He thanks the Pope for the money, weapons, and food sent to the Klissa castle with the help of Bishop of Scardona. –

Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi. – 9. He thanks the Pope for the money, weapons, and food sent to the Klissa castle with the help of Bishop of Scardona. – 10. Brodarics is forbidden to return home

should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi. – 9. He thanks the Pope for the money, weapons, and food sent to the Klissa castle with the help of Bishop of Scardona. – 10. Brodarics is forbidden to return home because of his tight financial situation since the Fuggers have been instructed to provide him with the needed money. Reverende Fidelis nobis

4 capite del. BAV. Ottob., in marg. captae alia manu 5 cum: quam BAV Ottob. 1  The only known manuscript of the text survives in a codex in the Ottoboniana collection of the Vatican Library (BAV, Ottob. Lat. N. 2746. 44–46.), so it is, too, a replica, and is certainly not identical with the one György Pray, who was first to publish the letter, used. The manuscript in the Vatican is severely damaged, and the defects often make it senseless, so the basis for the present publication is the text published by Pray. In spite of this, I indicate all

the text survives in a codex in the Ottoboniana collection of the Vatican Library (BAV, Ottob. Lat. N. 2746. 44–46.), so it is, too, a replica, and is certainly not identical with the one György Pray, who was first to publish the letter, used. The manuscript in the Vatican is severely damaged, and the defects often make it senseless, so the basis for the present publication is the text published by Pray. In spite of this, I indicate all the differences from the manuscript in the Ottoboniana collection. 2  The castle of Ostrovica (Croatia) was overtaken by the Turks in September 1523.

volet BAV Ottob. 30 est nobis: nobis est BAV Ottob. 31 percontetur: percontatur BAV Ottob. 36 post hinc ms. BAV Ottob. ad eum add. 36  regnorum nostrorum: rerum nostrarum BAV Ottob. the loss of Nándorfehérvár in 1521, Temesvár, Szörény, Pétervárad and Titel became the key elements in the system of border fortresses on the South. 5  Finally Burgio returned to Hungary and took measures regarding embezzlement of the corn shipments. He ordered an inquiry in Zengg in April 1524. Compare: Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526.

Ottob. ad eum add. 36  regnorum nostrorum: rerum nostrarum BAV Ottob. the loss of Nándorfehérvár in 1521, Temesvár, Szörény, Pétervárad and Titel became the key elements in the system of border fortresses on the South. 5  Finally Burgio returned to Hungary and took measures regarding embezzlement of the corn shipments. He ordered an inquiry in Zengg in April 1524. Compare: Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001, XCVIII. afferentur, utinam nullum nisi felicem

Ottob. 16  Clement VII sent Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio (1474–1539) to the Nuremberg imperial assembly as his legate. His mandate included Hungarian matters. 17 Leaders of the Hungarian delegation to the imperial assembly in Nuremberg were János Gosztonyi and Ambrus Sárkány. 18  Andreas da Burgo 19  Pope Clement VII. appointed Baron Burgio Nuncio in Hungary on 22 January 1524. The Baron returned to Hungary from Rome. Compare: Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001, XCV. 10  See the previous letter to

1  The letter, apart from some minor changes, is identical to the one sent to Polish King Sigismund the same day (except that the letter to Ferdinand does not have a postscript.) Not only the texts are identical but the ductus as well, so Brodarics’ scriptor wrote the same letter twice and sent both, one to Vienna, the other to Cracow. The only change he made is in the salutation: to the letters in Cracow it is Maiestas, since Sigismund was a King, while in the Vienna version it is Serenitas, because Ferdinand was only an Archduke in 1524. 2  Archbishop of Esztergom György

was the uncle of King Louis II while Ferdinand was his brother-in-law. 4  Brodarics had stayed in Rome since the spring of 1522 as an envoy of Louis II. 5  Johann Schnaidpeck von Schönkirchen, an envoy of the Emperor, stayed in the Buda castle since the autumn of 1523. He had huge influence and was the permanent target of attacks from the opposition of lesser nobility. The part magnificum dominum oratorem suum et is missing from the Cracow letter, obviously because, unlike Ferdinand, Sigismund did not have an envoy in Buda. Compare: Kubinyi András, A magyar állam belpolitikai

with a smaller benefice at least; he asks for this only to be able to represent the Hungarian King in Rome better. – 2. There is no news. The Emperor’s army is still besieging the French at Novara. – 3. He is sending a copy of the letter by Persian Shah Sophi addressed to the Emperor and Louis II to Sigismund. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Clementissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam commendationem. [1.] Licet satis absurdum esse videatur ab eo principe, cui

[1.] Licet satis absurdum esse videatur ab eo principe, cui quis nihil serviverit, quippiam postulare, summa tamen Vestrae Maiestatis clementia et singularis in omnes 6 László Szalkai (1475–1526), Bishop of Eger, Chancellor. He got archbishopric of Esztergom and the attached position of High Chancellor after Szatmári’s death. 7  It seems that Ferdinand fulfilled Brodarics’ request. On the margin of the letter it is written: fiat, ut petitur. 1  Another manuscript: BK 213 fol. 53–54; BJ 6549 III fol. 129–130; Libri Legationum vol. XXIII,

died on 7 April 1524. 3 Louis II was a younger cousin of King Sigismund. 4  Brodarics had stayed in Rome since the spring of 1522 as an envoy of Louis II. 5 László Szalkai, Bishop of Eger, Chancellor. He got archbishopric of Esztergom and the attached position of High Chancellor after Szatmári’s death. 6  Novara, town in Northern Italy west of Milan. The French army, having given up on the siege of Milan, retreated this way towards France chased by the Spanish led by Marquis Pescara.

85r. 1 Published: Acta Tomiciana VII. 20. 1. News came from Constantinople that the Pasha of Cairo had been executed for revolting against the Sultan; the Pope, who is concerned that the Turks turn all their forces against Hungary, also confirmed this.; the Pope therefore does all he can and calls for peace among European rulers and also for sending aid to Hungary. – 2. The French suffered substantial defeat in Lombardy; nearly 1000 died, several officers were lost or injured. – 3. He asks Sigismund again to intervene for him with King Louis so that he can obtain some

VII. 20. 1. News came from Constantinople that the Pasha of Cairo had been executed for revolting against the Sultan; the Pope, who is concerned that the Turks turn all their forces against Hungary, also confirmed this.; the Pope therefore does all he can and calls for peace among European rulers and also for sending aid to Hungary. – 2. The French suffered substantial defeat in Lombardy; nearly 1000 died, several officers were lost or injured. – 3. He asks Sigismund again to intervene for him with King Louis so that he can obtain some substantial benefice.

II in 1523. His envoy, a Maronite monk by the name of Peter of Lebanon, brought a letter to Louis from the Shah in 1523, in which there is allusion to the Shah’s previous letters to the Hungarian King. The monk who represented the Shah later spoke at the imperial assembly in Nuremberg in 1524, and tried to talk the Christian rulers into cooperation against the Turks. Because of the conflicts between the European powers nothing would be realised from the Persian alliance that engaged the political public. By the time Charles V made up his mind in August 1525 and responded to the offer of

in Nuremberg in 1524, and tried to talk the Christian rulers into cooperation against the Turks. Because of the conflicts between the European powers nothing would be realised from the Persian alliance that engaged the political public. By the time Charles V made up his mind in August 1525 and responded to the offer of Shah Sophi, the latter was dead. More on the issue: Tardy Lajos, Perzsia és a Nyugat Mohács előtt, Budapest, 1977, 728–735; idem., Régi magyar követjárások Keleten, Budapest, 1983, 81–93. 8 Louis II. 1 

1  7  Further manuscripts: BK 213 fol. 52–53; BOss 177 fol. 40 r–v; Libri Legationum vol. XXIII, fol. 38–39. 2 Suleyman pensioned off his chief officer Píri Mehmed in 1523 and gave the position to his friend of his youth Ibrahim. He also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded.

2 Suleyman pensioned off his chief officer Píri Mehmed in 1523 and gave the position to his friend of his youth Ibrahim. He also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán, Budapest, 1974, 58–59., and Matuz József, Az Oszmán Birodalom története, Budapest, 1990, 95.  

officer Píri Mehmed in 1523 and gave the position to his friend of his youth Ibrahim. He also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán, Budapest, 1974, 58–59., and Matuz József, Az Oszmán Birodalom története, Budapest, 1990, 95.   no Nostro, qui nova haec pro

also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán, Budapest, 1974, 58–59., and Matuz József, Az Oszmán Birodalom története, Budapest, 1990, 95.   no Nostro, qui nova haec pro certissimis affirmat et veretur, ne totas suas vires contra Hungariam Turca convertat.

the Aosta valley on 30 April 1524. Only brave resistance of the French rearguard saved the whole French army from annihilation. Compare: Rázsó, A lovagkor csatái... 278. 4  Presumably, Brodarics alludes to the famous French nobleman Pierre de Terrail, commonly known as Bayard, the “fearless and blameless” knight who lead the rear-guard. Bayard, who was a renowned figure of the wars in Italy, received a fatal wound at Aosta. More on Bayard’s life: Rázsó, A lovagkor csatái... passim 5  The Chief Commander of the French Army was Count of Bonnivet Guillaume de Goffier who was

István Brodarics to Clement VII Vienna, 21 August 1524 Manuscript used: ASV, Principi, vol. 2. fol. 233r–v, 237v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 639. 1. King Louis sent him to Vienna to meet papal legate Campeggio and inform the latter about matters in Hungary and Bohemia. – 2. He assures the Pope that he and Chancellor Szalkai are both loyal to him. – 3. The Hungarians like Baron Burgio as if he was not from Sicily but Transylvania. – 4. Archduke Ferdinand is ready to protect Christianity at the cost

1524 Manuscript used: ASV, Principi, vol. 2. fol. 233r–v, 237v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 639. 1. King Louis sent him to Vienna to meet papal legate Campeggio and inform the latter about matters in Hungary and Bohemia. – 2. He assures the Pope that he and Chancellor Szalkai are both loyal to him. – 3. The Hungarians like Baron Burgio as if he was not from Sicily but Transylvania. – 4. Archduke Ferdinand is ready to protect Christianity at the cost of his life.

vol. 2. fol. 233r–v, 237v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 639. 1. King Louis sent him to Vienna to meet papal legate Campeggio and inform the latter about matters in Hungary and Bohemia. – 2. He assures the Pope that he and Chancellor Szalkai are both loyal to him. – 3. The Hungarians like Baron Burgio as if he was not from Sicily but Transylvania. – 4. Archduke Ferdinand is ready to protect Christianity at the cost of his life. Beatissime Pater ac Domine, Domine mihi semper

Brodarics’ mission in Vienna (Rex dominus et maritus noster carissimus misit ad Serenitatem Vestram hunc fidelem suum et nostrum, venerabilem Stephanum Brodaricum [...] cui nos quoque commisimus nonnulla Vestrae Serenitati nostro nomine referenda.”) See MTAKK, Ms 4939, Simancas, bundle 1, and Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia

Brodaricum [...] cui nos quoque commisimus nonnulla Vestrae Serenitati nostro nomine referenda.”) See MTAKK, Ms 4939, Simancas, bundle 1, and Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia Louis II, Polish King Sigismund I, and Austrian Archduke Ferdinand.

bundle 1, and Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia Louis II, Polish King Sigismund I, and Austrian Archduke Ferdinand. [2.] Reverendissimum etiam dominum cancellarium 4 Hungariae (sine omni assentatione loquor) habet Vestra

levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia Louis II, Polish King Sigismund I, and Austrian Archduke Ferdinand. [2.] Reverendissimum etiam dominum cancellarium 4 Hungariae (sine omni assentatione loquor) habet Vestra Sanctitas, ultra quam dici ac credi potest, in his rebus

ut is del. 4  Archbishop of Esztergom László Szalkai. Compare: Lk, 21, 2 . 6  Papal Nuncio Baron Antonio Burgio. On his activities in Hungary see: Bartoniek Emma (ed.), Mohács Magyarországa. Báró Burgio pápai követ jelentései, Budapest, 1926., and Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001. 7  The Papal Court intervened on behalf of Brodarics already in 1524 to assist in his appointment to the bishopric. But it did not happen yet, and Brodarics was compensated by a prebend as Canon of Esztergom.

Magyarországa. Báró Burgio pápai követ jelentései, Budapest, 1926., and Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001. 7  The Papal Court intervened on behalf of Brodarics already in 1524 to assist in his appointment to the bishopric. But it did not happen yet, and Brodarics was compensated by a prebend as Canon of Esztergom. 5  35 István Brodarics to Giovanni Salviati Buda, 4 November

35 István Brodarics to Giovanni Salviati Buda, 4 November 1524 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte Strozziane, Serie I., Filza 152., fol. 9r., 12v. 1. He has received Salviati’s letter dated 7 October. There is hope for putting an end to the schism in Bohemia; at least Baron Burgio and Chancellor Szalkai are working on it zealously as can be seen in de Burgio’s letters. – 2. If peace cannot be created among contentious Christian rulers, only God knows what awaits Hungary next spring. – 3. He does not yet know when he returns to Italy but a message was sent via Marsupino

sperare. Nisi Deus et Beata Virgo Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum 5 adiuverit ad pacem faciendam. Salviati’s letter mentioned is unknown. Renewed negotiations began in 1524 between Utraquistas – who felt threatened by the Picards (Bohemian Brothers) and the Lutherans – and Catholics. László Szalkai, Bishop of Eger, later Archbishop of Esztergom took up the lion’s share of the talks hoping that the Holy Seat would reward his efforts with appointing him Cardinal. More on this: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt,

et Beata Virgo Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum 5 adiuverit ad pacem faciendam. Salviati’s letter mentioned is unknown. Renewed negotiations began in 1524 between Utraquistas – who felt threatened by the Picards (Bohemian Brothers) and the Lutherans – and Catholics. László Szalkai, Bishop of Eger, later Archbishop of Esztergom took up the lion’s share of the talks hoping that the Holy Seat would reward his efforts with appointing him Cardinal. More on this: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 82–96. 3 

with appointing him Cardinal. More on this: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 82–96. 3  Compare: Papal Nuncio Baron Burgio’s report on 31 October 1524. Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései... 56–60. 4  Archbishop of Esztergom and High Chancellor László Szalkai. 5  Pope Clement VII. 2  1  [3.] Ego videor iam esse in procinctu. Non satis tamen certus adhuc, quando sim iter

who worked as an administrator in Rome from 1518. He worked as an emissary of Szapolyai in Rome in the 1530s. See also the notes for the letter by Brodarics on 1 September 1522. 8  In theory, the bishopric of Pécs became vacant in 1522 when György Szatmári became Archbishop of Esztergom, and Louis II could appoint his successor. It was the King’s former envoy to Venice Fülöp Csulai Móré who had the prebend of Provost of Eger. In fact, Szatmári kept benefices of the bishopric until his death on 7 April 1524, so Csulai remained elected (electus) bishop. Papal confirmation

the King’s former envoy to Venice Fülöp Csulai Móré who had the prebend of Provost of Eger. In fact, Szatmári kept benefices of the bishopric until his death on 7 April 1524, so Csulai remained elected (electus) bishop. Papal confirmation became possible only after the death of Szatmári, and from Brodarics’ letter it seems it did not go smoothly either. That is why Brodarics asked for Salviati’s intervention. Some data suggest that it was unnecessary because Clement VII produced the bull that confirmed Csulai’s appointment on 26 October 1524. More on Csulai’s appointment as

to the wishes of the papal court, was of great service in this. – 2. He will report on the situation here after arriving in Rome; he does not want to burden the Pope with a lengthy letter now; the Pope can learn the essentials from Archdean Imre. He expresses his gratitude to the papal court and Baron Burgio for intervening on his behalf; now he is put under even stronger obligation if that is possible at all. Beatissime Pater, ac Domine, Domine Clementissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae ad pulveres pedum Vestrae Sanctitatis beatorum humillimam

et obstrictum vinc 1 Louis II informed the Pope already on 20 October 1524 that Brodarics would be sent back to Rome. Compare: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 584. 2  Papal legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3 László Szalkai had held the title Archbishop of Esztergom since May 1524. 4  In fact, Brodarics could leave in February 1525 only. Louis II dated his letter of commission on 13 February 1525 in Buda. Compare: ASV, Principi, vol. 3., fol. 36r–v. We

raise Brodarics to Bishop status as soon as possible. Compare: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863. 585. The manuscript is damaged at some places. Louis invited Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio to Buda in November, and Brodarics’ travel was postponed until his arrival. See the previous letter on this. 2 King 1  Dolebo maiorem in modum, si Dominationem Vestram Reverendissimam ab Urbe contingat abesse.

38 István Brodarics to Louis II Buda, [9 December 1524]1 Manuscript used: MOL DL 105435 Brodarics puts forward a request from István and Ferenc Révay that the King affirm their land purchase agreement with Ambrus Rwchy, and should the King have any claims regarding the estate in question, transfer those to the Révay brothers. Sacra Regia Maiestas et Domine, Domine Gratiosissime.

38 István Brodarics to Louis II Buda, [9 December 1524]1 Manuscript used: MOL DL 105435 Brodarics puts forward a request from István and Ferenc Révay that the King affirm their land purchase agreement with Ambrus Rwchy, and should the King have any claims regarding the estate in question, transfer those to the Révay brothers. Sacra Regia Maiestas et Domine, Domine Gratiosissime. Supplicatur Maiestati Vestrae in personis fidelium eiusdem egregiorum Stephani et

illi fassioni et perpetuae venditioni, quam nobilis Ambrosius Rwchy de Bodogazzonzakaya super totali portione sua possessionaria in eadem possessione Bodogazzonzakaya habita 3  Clement VII wanted to commission Cardinal Salviati (1490–1553) to create peace between Charles V and Francis I as a legate in Lombardy. The Pope finally appointed the Cardinal as Legate after the French defeat (24 February 1525), in a very different situation, only on 5 May 1525. On Salviati’s activities as legate see Brodarics’ letters to Sigismund I on 17 May 1525 and to Salviati on 20

between Charles V and Francis I as a legate in Lombardy. The Pope finally appointed the Cardinal as Legate after the French defeat (24 February 1525), in a very different situation, only on 5 May 1525. On Salviati’s activities as legate see Brodarics’ letters to Sigismund I on 17 May 1525 and to Salviati on 20 May 1525. 1  There is no date on the document, and we only know from a remark of the relator Brodarics that King Louis sanctioned the request on 9 December 1524. 2 István Révay (?–after 1545), first Captain in Újlak, then, after Mohács, Captain in Siklós in the

finally appointed the Cardinal as Legate after the French defeat (24 February 1525), in a very different situation, only on 5 May 1525. On Salviati’s activities as legate see Brodarics’ letters to Sigismund I on 17 May 1525 and to Salviati on 20 May 1525. 1  There is no date on the document, and we only know from a remark of the relator Brodarics that King Louis sanctioned the request on 9 December 1524. 2 István Révay (?–after 1545), first Captain in Újlak, then, after Mohács, Captain in Siklós in the service of Péter Perényi. He enters the service of Ferdinand I in 1528,

secretarius 39 István Brodarics to Louis II Buda, [21 February 1525]1 Manuscript used: MOL DL 260226; MOL 2854022 Brodarics presents to the King a request from István Terjék and Palatine’s Secretary Ferenc Révay regarding their trial against Ferenc Szántói Botka. Sacra Regia Maiestas, Domine Gratiosissime. Supplicatur Maiestati Vestrae in personis fidelium eiusdem egregiorum Stephani Theryek de

in profesto cathedrae Sancti Petri Apostoli 1525. Stephanus Brodericus secretarius 19 Concessit... Brodaryth doctor secretarius manu Broderici 10 Concessit... Brodericus secretarius manu Broderici 1  There is no date on the document, and we only know from a remark of the relator Brodarics that King Louis sanctioned the request on 21 February 1525. 2  Both reference the same manuscript. 3  István Szenterzsébeti Terjék, nobleman from Zala county. His sister Orsolya is the mother of Tamás Nádasdy, so he is the uncle of

István Brodarics Cracow, [April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 8v. 1. He has heard from Statileo that Brodarics is in Rome again as an envoy, something which he heard with satisfaction knowing Brodarics’ loyalty. – 2. He asks Brodarics to keep representing him and his subjects in their affairs and to keep informing him about developments. Reverende sincere nobis Dilecte. [1.] Retulit nobis reverendus Ioannes Statilius, praepositus Eursiensis 2 et serenissimi domini Ludovici Hungariae et

[April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 8v. 1. He has heard from Statileo that Brodarics is in Rome again as an envoy, something which he heard with satisfaction knowing Brodarics’ loyalty. – 2. He asks Brodarics to keep representing him and his subjects in their affairs and to keep informing him about developments. Reverende sincere nobis Dilecte. [1.] Retulit nobis reverendus Ioannes Statilius, praepositus Eursiensis 2 et serenissimi domini Ludovici Hungariae et Bohemiae regis nepotis nostri

nostrorum negotia, quae incident, nobisque ea, quae nova emergent, scribere per omnem occasionem non gravare, ut et tua erga nos merita et nostrum vicissim in te favorem reddas in dies cumulatiorem. Datum. 1  The letter can be dated based on Statileo’s legation and the return of Brodarics to Rome. Statileo went to Cracow as an envoy in the spring of 1525 and got an answer from the Polish King on 12 April (see AT VII. 241). Brodarics left for Rome in late February 1525. On 5 March he was still in Pécs (he got a letter of commission from Bishop Fülöp

non gravare, ut et tua erga nos merita et nostrum vicissim in te favorem reddas in dies cumulatiorem. Datum. 1  The letter can be dated based on Statileo’s legation and the return of Brodarics to Rome. Statileo went to Cracow as an envoy in the spring of 1525 and got an answer from the Polish King on 12 April (see AT VII. 241). Brodarics left for Rome in late February 1525. On 5 March he was still in Pécs (he got a letter of commission from Bishop Fülöp Csulai Móré then), so the earliest he could reach the Eternal City was in April. 2  János

(Statilius in Latin form, Statilić in Croatian) (1472–1542), Provost of Óbuda, later Transylvanian Bishop of János Szapolyai (1528–1542). More on his life: Sörös Pongrác, Statileo János életéhez, A pannonhalmi szt. benedekrendi főiskola évkönyve, Pannonhalma, 1916, 3–56., and Domagoj Madunić, Vinko Pribojevic and the Glory of Slavs, Budapest, 2003, 19. 41 János Statileo to István Brodarics Cracow, 12 April 1525 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte

in Croatian) (1472–1542), Provost of Óbuda, later Transylvanian Bishop of János Szapolyai (1528–1542). More on his life: Sörös Pongrác, Statileo János életéhez, A pannonhalmi szt. benedekrendi főiskola évkönyve, Pannonhalma, 1916, 3–56., and Domagoj Madunić, Vinko Pribojevic and the Glory of Slavs, Budapest, 2003, 19. 41 János Statileo to István Brodarics Cracow, 12 April 1525 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte Strozziane, Serie I., Filza 157., fol.

41 János Statileo to István Brodarics Cracow, 12 April 1525 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte Strozziane, Serie I., Filza 157., fol. 184r. 1 Albrecht von Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, made an oath of allegiance to Polish King Sigismund, and got the land he already had as feud. Excerpta ex litteris oratoris Ut Dominatio Vestra Reverendissima sit particeps novitatum, quae hic contingunt, volui ei significare serenissimum Poloniae regem inivisse perpetuam pacem et concordiam

42 Sigismund I to István Brodarics Cracow, [April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 16r–v. 1. He has learnt that the Observant Franciscans in Rome are trying to procure monasteries of the Conventuals in Bohemia and Poland, and it seems as if this was the intention of Sigismund too. – 2. He requests Brodarics to take steps against this, because this is exactly the opposite of what Sigismund wants who regards Conventuals highly because they are of great help in the fight against spreading heresy. Their

42 Sigismund I to István Brodarics Cracow, [April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 16r–v. 1. He has learnt that the Observant Franciscans in Rome are trying to procure monasteries of the Conventuals in Bohemia and Poland, and it seems as if this was the intention of Sigismund too. – 2. He requests Brodarics to take steps against this, because this is exactly the opposite of what Sigismund wants who regards Conventuals highly because they are of great help in the fight against spreading heresy. Their Provincial,

de Torre has a high reputation all over the country, so his withdrawal would be a serious loss for the Church here. abstract of Statileo’s letter forwarded by Brodarics enclosed to his letter to Cardinal Salviati on 20 May. 2  It is the war between the Teutonic Order and Poland (1519–21) which ended with the Knights’ defeat. 3  10 April 1525. 1  Date uncertain. Brodarics says in his letter on 17 May that he received several letters but we cannot be sure that he refers to these two. 1  An

to do this. – 2. He thanks for Sigismund’s intervention on his behalf with Louis II; he strives to repay Sigismund’s goodwill. – 3. According to Johannes Rudniczki’s report, the King’s request has been in part fulfilled, in part it will be put forward to the Pope tomorrow by Brodarics and Cardinal Pucci; Sigismund will be informed about the Pope’s answer promptly. – 4. The Pope is relentless in his attempts to create peace between the Emperor and the French King; Cardinal Giovanni Salviati has been ordered to stay with the Emperor as a legate; Brodarics has been sent with

report, the King’s request has been in part fulfilled, in part it will be put forward to the Pope tomorrow by Brodarics and Cardinal Pucci; Sigismund will be informed about the Pope’s answer promptly. – 4. The Pope is relentless in his attempts to create peace between the Emperor and the French King; Cardinal Giovanni Salviati has been ordered to stay with the Emperor as a legate; Brodarics has been sent with him. – 5. He trusts that peace can be attained; he wrote a ciphered letter about this to Bishop of Przemiśl Andrzej Krzycki; he trusts this most of all because of

with the Emperor as a legate; Brodarics has been sent with him. – 5. He trusts that peace can be attained; he wrote a ciphered letter about this to Bishop of Przemiśl Andrzej Krzycki; he trusts this most of all because of the noble heart of the French King with whom he negotiated not long ago and has written about it to Sigismund. If it fails there is no other way of saving Hungary than what he had already written to Sigismund [peace agreement with the Turks]; he wishes this had been done before losing Belgrade and Szörényvár, since nobody cares about the Hungarians, they all care

of the noble heart of the French King with whom he negotiated not long ago and has written about it to Sigismund. If it fails there is no other way of saving Hungary than what he had already written to Sigismund [peace agreement with the Turks]; he wishes this had been done before losing Belgrade and Szörényvár, since nobody cares about the Hungarians, they all care only about themselves. – 7. All kinds of unbelievable things are being written about the German peasants’ war, but he believes that Sigismund has more information on this than he has; it is also said that the Turks will

Turri or Marcus de Torre, Franciscan monk born in Venice, Polish provincial. Taught theology at the Cracow University in 1519. He was confessor of Bona Sforza, so he had excellent relationship with the Polish court. See also AT V. 242., 253.; AT VI. 268., 306.; AT VII. 63., 83., and Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései... 324. 1  The text of the letter is on the Internet, in a somewhat different variant, transcribed by Péter Tóth. http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/exempla.php. 2  Further manuscripts: BK 213fol. 525–527;

‘s death, to intervene for him so that he can obtain some substantial benefice, presumably some bishopric. This means that the Polish court also spoke up for him. Brodarics did not earn a bishopric at that time but he got the benefice of the Esztergom Canon added to that of Provost of Pécs, and Louis II. made a promise that he would raise Brodarics to Bishop status as soon as possible. 4  The church named after the Four Crowned Saints (Quattuor Sanctorum Coronatorum) was the titular church of Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci (Laurentius Pucius) (1458–1531), Bishop of Melf, later of Alba.

was the titular church of Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci (Laurentius Pucius) (1458–1531), Bishop of Melf, later of Alba. 5  Clement VII appointed Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Legate with Charles V, on 5 May 1525. His task was, as Brodarics says, first of all, creating peace between the French and the Spanish Kings and preparation for the war against the Turks. [5.] Si posset confici ista pax, sicut sumus in non parva spe, propter illas causas, quas ad reverendissimum dominum Premisliensem, 6 cum

church of Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci (Laurentius Pucius) (1458–1531), Bishop of Melf, later of Alba. 5  Clement VII appointed Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Legate with Charles V, on 5 May 1525. His task was, as Brodarics says, first of all, creating peace between the French and the Spanish Kings and preparation for the war against the Turks. [5.] Si posset confici ista pax, sicut sumus in non parva spe, propter illas causas, quas ad reverendissimum dominum Premisliensem, 6 cum quo mihi notae

so far. 18  Brodarics visited the French King imprisoned by Charles V after the battle of Pavia (24 February 1525) in the town of Pizzighettone. Unfortunately, he misjudged Francis’ “noble heart”: he would recall this encounter in his report on the Battle of Mohács written 2 years later, and reproach the French ruler for promising help to Hungary against the Turks, something he did not keep. (“[...] regi Gallorum et illud in memoriam reducit [sc. Louis II], quid sibi in oppido Piczigetone captivus per oratorem suum [sc. Brodarics] de defendenda Hungaria et de ferendis, si Deus

agreement or armistice was considered several times in the Hungarian court but was rejected every time – partly under pressure from the Pope. The same considerations were spelled out in a letter to Sigismund on 10 June 1523, which shows that Brodarics had seen the situation clearly already then, and, as this letter demonstrates, it did not change much in 2 years. Brodarics’ warnings were heard in the Polish court at least. Sigismund, seeing the failure in Christian cooperation, signed peace with the Turks on 15 November 1525. Brodarics, in his first letter addressed to Piotr Tomicki and

and, as this letter demonstrates, it did not change much in 2 years. Brodarics’ warnings were heard in the Polish court at least. Sigismund, seeing the failure in Christian cooperation, signed peace with the Turks on 15 November 1525. Brodarics, in his first letter addressed to Piotr Tomicki and Andrzej Krzycki (6 September 1526), still expresses regret over the fact that Hungarians did not follow the Polish example (“O nos nunquam minus prudentes, quam tunc, cum consilia pacis cum Turco Vestris Dominationibus non suadentibus solum, sed hortantibus ac rogantibus etiam, non

28 fuisset del. suprascr. esset János Statileo. Pope Clement VII. 18  Brodarics mentions in a letter to King Sigismund on 17 May that the Pope ordered him to participate in the peace talks between Salviati and Charles V. 19  Hungarian and Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The

28 fuisset del. suprascr. esset János Statileo. Pope Clement VII. 18  Brodarics mentions in a letter to King Sigismund on 17 May that the Pope ordered him to participate in the peace talks between Salviati and Charles V. 19  Hungarian and Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The two credentials that King

Pope Clement VII. 18  Brodarics mentions in a letter to King Sigismund on 17 May that the Pope ordered him to participate in the peace talks between Salviati and Charles V. 19  Hungarian and Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The two credentials that King Louis and Queen Mary issued to Berri as their envoy are dated 31 May 1524. See Theiner Augustin, Vetera

Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The two credentials that King Louis and Queen Mary issued to Berri as their envoy are dated 31 May 1524. See Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 580–581. 11 Maria Habsburg (1505–1558), wife of Louis II from 1522. 17 

(1500–1526), Szeged, 1929, LXIX. 18  The house of Royal Vice-Treasurer Imre Szerencsés was burned down by the incited crowd. 19  Reference to the legation sent to Buda in May 1525 in connection to the negotiations between the Utraquistas and the Catholics. Its leaders were Duke Karel Münsterberský, Lew Zdenko, and Jan Pasek. Louis II. received the legation on 21 May in the presence of Legate Campeggio and Nuncio Burgio. Compare: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 92.

of Royal Vice-Treasurer Imre Szerencsés was burned down by the incited crowd. 19  Reference to the legation sent to Buda in May 1525 in connection to the negotiations between the Utraquistas and the Catholics. Its leaders were Duke Karel Münsterberský, Lew Zdenko, and Jan Pasek. Louis II. received the legation on 21 May in the presence of Legate Campeggio and Nuncio Burgio. Compare: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 92. 10  Hungary, the target of campaign of the Sultan in the following year,

19  Reference to the legation sent to Buda in May 1525 in connection to the negotiations between the Utraquistas and the Catholics. Its leaders were Duke Karel Münsterberský, Lew Zdenko, and Jan Pasek. Louis II. received the legation on 21 May in the presence of Legate Campeggio and Nuncio Burgio. Compare: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 92. 10  Hungary, the target of campaign of the Sultan in the following year, was not included in the peace pact between Poland and Turkey signed in November 1525 in spite

21 May in the presence of Legate Campeggio and Nuncio Burgio. Compare: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 92. 10  Hungary, the target of campaign of the Sultan in the following year, was not included in the peace pact between Poland and Turkey signed in November 1525 in spite of Sigismund’s request. Brodarics regretted this in his letter to Cracow written on 6 September 1526, after the Mohács defeat. Brodarics, in his letter on 4 July, mentions a letter received from Sigismund dated 12 June. Further manuscripts:

was the Emperor himself who put him into its possession. He wrote about it to Cardinal Salviati as well as to his envoy to the Emperor Johannes Dantiscus. – 2. He also informed the envoy about how he had reached an agreement with the Grand Master of the Order and about his peace agreement with the Turks. He asks Brodarics to represent the Polish point of view in this case too. 5 Reverendissime Devote nobis

Skolimowska, Corpus epistolarum Ioannis Dantisci, Part I. Ioannis Dantisci epistulae latinae, Warsaw–Cracow, 2004). 5  Centuries-old Polish-Prussian rivalry came to an end when Albrecht von Brandenburg turned Teutonic Knights into a secular Lutheran state in 1525 and gave fealty to the Polish ruler on 10 April. See Statileo’s letter on 12 April 1525. 6  Sigismund signed peace with the Sultan in November 1525. He refused to send military aid to his cousin the following year on this pretext. 4 

fol. 43r–v. 1 Published: Acta Tomiciana VII. 304–305. 1. He has received Sigismund’s letter dated 12 June. The matter of the Duchy of Bari is going well, he was informed that it was passed to the representative of Sigismund. Regardless of this, he will do everything that Sigismund and Bona Sforza commit him to do. Cardinal Salviati will represent Sigismund in front of the Emperor in the case of the Duchy of Bari following instructions from Dantiscus. – 2. He does not travel to the Emperor in Spain. He himself does not know the reason; the Pope says that the relevant letter

Duchy of Bari following instructions from Dantiscus. – 2. He does not travel to the Emperor in Spain. He himself does not know the reason; the Pope says that the relevant letter from King Louis arrived late. He would have been happy to serve the cause of peace among Christian rulers there too, and would have worked hard on setting King Francis free as instructed by King Louis. Such a mission would have been useful for the Polish and the Hungarian causes alike, because the prestige of the two Kings who carry the burden of war against Turkey by themselves could have helped reconciliation

the Pope says that the relevant letter from King Louis arrived late. He would have been happy to serve the cause of peace among Christian rulers there too, and would have worked hard on setting King Francis free as instructed by King Louis. Such a mission would have been useful for the Polish and the Hungarian causes alike, because the prestige of the two Kings who carry the burden of war against Turkey by themselves could have helped reconciliation more than anybody else’s. – 3. The Pope received Sigismund’s excuses for starting peace negotiations with the Turks and the Teutonic

for the Polish and the Hungarian causes alike, because the prestige of the two Kings who carry the burden of war against Turkey by themselves could have helped reconciliation more than anybody else’s. – 3. The Pope received Sigismund’s excuses for starting peace negotiations with the Turks and the Teutonic Order with understanding. He would not be surprised if Louis II acted likewise. He knows that it is not their fault, since they have been containing enemies of Christianity for years by themselves, but it is the fault of other rulers who were impossible to persuade about the

He knows that it is not their fault, since they have been containing enemies of Christianity for years by themselves, but it is the fault of other rulers who were impossible to persuade about the necessity of peace among them. – 4. The Pope’s position on the Knighthood has not changed and whatever he may write after the College of Cardinals, his intention is the same. Brodarics wishes King Louis followed Sigismund’s example in the matter of armistice with the Turks because if he does not do this in the hope of some support, the country’s fall is to be feared. – 5. He has

on King Francis being taken to Spain. Hope for peace has not evaporated completely, but has diminished considerably. Janissaries in Constantinople rose demanding higher pay. Several houses were ransacked, that of Pasha Ibrahim among them. The Sultan suppressed the revolt with great difficulties and had to fulfil the demands of the soldiers. King Francis is said to have arrived in Barcelona on 17 June. 5 Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Clementissime. Post mei et servitiorum meorum in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam

50 Reverendissimus dominus Premisliensis habet has notas in marg. eadam manu add. 17  multa tamen... gravissime deliquisse – this is written in cipher in the original. (I am indebted for decoding the cipher to Hanna Vámos and István Vadai.) 18  Albrecht von Brandenburg (1490–1568), Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, brother of Georg von Brandenburg who played an important role in Hungary. Maximilian I appointed him Grand Master of the Knights in 1510. As such, he broke the peace

18  Albrecht von Brandenburg (1490–1568), Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, brother of Georg von Brandenburg who played an important role in Hungary. Maximilian I appointed him Grand Master of the Knights in 1510. As such, he broke the peace pact signed in Toruń in 1466 and provoked a war with Poland that lasted between 1519–21. This ended in a heavy defeat for the Knighthood. Later he became Evangelical Lutheran, secularised estates of the Knighthood, and created a secular state in its place by the name of Prussian Duchy. In April 1525 he gave fealty to the

I appointed him Grand Master of the Knights in 1510. As such, he broke the peace pact signed in Toruń in 1466 and provoked a war with Poland that lasted between 1519–21. This ended in a heavy defeat for the Knighthood. Later he became Evangelical Lutheran, secularised estates of the Knighthood, and created a secular state in its place by the name of Prussian Duchy. In April 1525 he gave fealty to the Polish King. More about this: Marian Biskup, Das Ende des Deutschordensstaates Preussen im Jahre 1525 = Josef Flenckenstein–Manfred Hellman (hrsg.), Die geistlichen Ritterorden Europas,

for the name of Albrecht von Brandenburg. 10  The riot of the janissaries, who had been discontent because there had been no campaigns since the occupation of Rhodos back in 1522, erupted in March 1525 in Istanbul. Rioters demanded resignation of the Grand Vizier and his house was looted. Suleyman’s personal bravery played an important part in suppressing the rebellion. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán... 62–63. Me et servitia mea in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis rursus supplex

with the text of the letter but in a separate volume (BN. T. 28. fol. 164r). We do not have the slip of paper with the cipher, only the deciphered text can be read. At the same time, the legate mentioned is definitely Brodarics, since the reference is to the younger cousin of Sigismund, Louis II, and his envoy was Brodarics. The fact that this slip of paper belongs to this particular letter follows from subsequent manuscripts (BK 213 fol. 539; BJ 6549 fol. 572). Another manuscript: BCzart TN 37. fol. 869.

correxi ex: promovere. AT: promoveret. 8 assistet ibi: assistat AT 9 auxilium suum: suum auxilium AT 14 die quinta Iulii: V. Iulii AT 15 Ea... propria om. AT 1  Bona Sforza (1494–1557), daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza and Isabella of Aragon. Wife of Polish King Sigismund from 1517. More on her life: Władisław Pociecha, Królowa Bona (1494–1557) I–IV, Poznań, 1949–1958. 2  The manuscript in the Naruszewicz Collection served as the basis of publication. Since this is a

Library the item with this number contains accounts of a Conventual Franciscan monastery from the 18th century. 3  Bona Sforza also asked Dantiscus in his letter dated 5 July to make moves with the Emperor in connection to the issue of the Duchy of Bari, and to utilise Brodarics’ help. Compare: AT VII. 297–298. 49 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 4 August 1525 Manuscript used: BN T. 6.

Stephanus Brodericus orator Further manuscripts: BK 213 fol. 539–540; BJ 6549 fol. 585; BCzart TN 37. fol. 413. No doubt, Brodarics refers to the peasants’ war that hit South-Germany. 3  Rising peasants blockaded Archbishop of Salzburg Matthäus Lang (1468–1540) and he had to flee into the citadel. In fact, troops of the Bavarian princes, not of Ferdinand drove out the peasant army from Salzburg. 2  1  50 István Brodarics to Clement VII Buda, 13 September

vol. 3. fol. 279r–v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 653–654.; Bessenyei József, Lettere di principi (1518–1578), Roma–Budapest, 2002, 79–81. 1. He arrived at Buda 21 days after leaving Rome. He found the King and the Queen on Csepel Island. He passed on the Pope’s message to them there. – 2. He has not yet received an answer regarding the matter of envoys to be sent to the Emperor. – 3. He told what the Pope commissioned him to tell to Archbishop of Esztergom László Szalkai who has preserved his

Voivod. 16  On this see Burgio’s letter on 11 July 1525 among others. Bartoniek, Mohács Magyarországa... 19–24. 17 Quite probably, this refers to the appointment of Brodarics as Chancellor. The major obstacle was Szalkai himself who did not want to resign and wanted Bishop of Veszprém Tamás Szalaházy to replace him. Clement VII, in his letter on 8 August 1525, recommended Brodarics to the position. Compare: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Hungariam... 651. 18  See Burgio’s report on 13 September 1525.

Archbishop Szalkai that ended in violence, King Louis threw him into dungeon. See Burgio’s report on 13 September 1525. Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései... 264. 10  We know from Burgio’s report on 13 September that they planned to go to Slavonia first and then to Moravia. See Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései... 264. nostrorum conventu 11 nihil scribo. Non ignarus Vestram Sanctitatem et de his et de aliis omnibus litteris domini baronis factam esse certiorem.

nicht koennen bei bringen oder erhalten / wie dann solchs beiden Apostelen / als Act. xv. zusehen / auch volgends im Concilio Niceno / mit dem Paphnutio / und andern Christlichen Concilien / geschehen. Dann dem ewigen Goettlichen wort sollen billich alle menschliche satzungen und suende weichen. And darum kommen auch in einem Christenlichen Concilio villeiin zusamen / nicht das sie in Gottes und glaubens sachen ein meirers sollen machen / sondern darum / ob under vielen leuten etlich gefunden wurden / die den befehl und sehr Christi / uber die sachen so mann handlet / eigentlich wissen /

Bibliographia locorum inventorum

Bunic, JakovCaluus, HieronymusGucetic, IvanHieronymusAnd.Severitan, Ivan Polikarp (1469-1534; c. 1526; 1451-1502; c. 1526; 1472 - c. 1526) [1502]: Carmina minora ex libro De vita et gestis Christi, versio electronica, 360 versus, 4279 verborum, ed. Neven Jovanovic [genus: poesis - carmen; poesis - epigramma; poesis - sapphicum; prosa - epistula] [numerus verborum] [aa-vv-carmina-vgc.xml].

Brodaric, Stjepan (1490-1539) [1505]: Epistulae, versio electronica., Verborum 166, ed. Petrus Kasza [genus: prosa oratio - epistula] [numerus verborum] [brodaric-s-epistulae.xml].

Vlacic Ilirik, Matija (1520-1575) [1581]: Clavis scripturae sacrae, pars secunda, versio electronica, 600000 verborum, ed. Neven Jovanovic [genus: prosa - tractatus; prosa - vocabularium; poesis - elegia; poesis - epigramma] [numerus verborum] [flacius-m-clavis-2.xml].

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