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mentioned. Even though Clement VII sent an envoy to Charles V on 8 December 1523 in connection with peace, he was not a Cardinal but one of the Pope’ Chamberlains, Bernardino della Barba. The next peace envoy Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg set off for his round trip through Spain, France, and England only in March 1524. Compare: Ludwig von Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste IV/2... 179. 26 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 15 December 1523 Manuscript used:

26 István Brodarics to Sigismund I Rome, 15 December 1523 Manuscript used: BN T. 5. fol. 41r–v. Published: Acta Tomiciana VI. 348. 1. Nothing has been achieved concerning the Płock annata. The annata for Płock have always been 2000 ducats, and if Alexander VI or any other Pope asked for less on one or two occasions, this does not change what is due officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are

the Płock annata. The annata for Płock have always been 2000 ducats, and if Alexander VI or any other Pope asked for less on one or two occasions, this does not change what is due officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are small for this to happen because the French King and his opponents stubbornly cling to their demands. Sigismund and Louis have to find other ways of protecting their countries. Serenissime Princeps

less on one or two occasions, this does not change what is due officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are small for this to happen because the French King and his opponents stubbornly cling to their demands. Sigismund and Louis have to find other ways of protecting their countries. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam

officially. On the other hand there is good news: Tomicki has been appointed Bishop of Cracow. – 2. The Pope and the Cardinals are equally inclined towards peace. However, chances are small for this to happen because the French King and his opponents stubbornly cling to their demands. Sigismund and Louis have to find other ways of protecting their countries. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam commendationem. [1.] Scripsi his diebus 1

27 Louis II to István Brodarics Pozsony, 12 January 1524 Manuscript used: HHStA, Ung. Akt. Fasc. 1. Konv. D, fol. 57. 1 1. The Sultan spreads false rumours about his preparations for a war against Persia in order to lull Hungary and Europe to sleep, while spy reports and information from Voivods of Moldova and Wallachia suggest that he wants to attack Hungary in March in alliance with the Tatars. – 2. Knowing this, Ferdinand also sent an envoy to Rome to press for the aid. Brodarics should cooperate with the Austrian

27 Louis II to István Brodarics Pozsony, 12 January 1524 Manuscript used: HHStA, Ung. Akt. Fasc. 1. Konv. D, fol. 57. 1 1. The Sultan spreads false rumours about his preparations for a war against Persia in order to lull Hungary and Europe to sleep, while spy reports and information from Voivods of Moldova and Wallachia suggest that he wants to attack Hungary in March in alliance with the Tatars. – 2. Knowing this, Ferdinand also sent an envoy to Rome to press for the aid. Brodarics should cooperate with the Austrian envoy fully. – 3. The Pope should order

Pozsony, 12 January 1524 Manuscript used: HHStA, Ung. Akt. Fasc. 1. Konv. D, fol. 57. 1 1. The Sultan spreads false rumours about his preparations for a war against Persia in order to lull Hungary and Europe to sleep, while spy reports and information from Voivods of Moldova and Wallachia suggest that he wants to attack Hungary in March in alliance with the Tatars. – 2. Knowing this, Ferdinand also sent an envoy to Rome to press for the aid. Brodarics should cooperate with the Austrian envoy fully. – 3. The Pope should order Legate Cajetan de Vio to pay the money

of Dalmatian origin, Canon of Spalato from 1499, later Archdean, Secretary of Croatian Ban Péter Beriszló from 1514. Protonotary Apostolic from 1519, Bishop of Scardona from 1520. The Pope sent him to Poland in January 1523 as his envoy. (Compare: AT VI. 220–222, 222–224, 224–225., and Henricus Damianus Wojtyska CP, Acta nunciaturae Poloniae Tom. II., Romae, 1992, 137– 147., also by him, Toma Crnić jedini sloven nuncije u Polskoj, Radovi 21 Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog Fakulteta, Zagreb, 1988, 35–44.) 1   

who invaded Wallachia (see the letter by Louis II to Brodarics on 1 June 1523). He fought the throne back in January 1524 from his own brother Radu VI (Radu Baduca) who got the position from the Turks. 5  Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Habsburg (1522–1564), brother-in-law of Louis II, Hungarian and Czech King (1526–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1558–1564). 6  Pope Clement VII. 7  Andreas da Burgo (dal Borgo) (1467–1533). Comes from a merchant family in Cremona. He was raised in the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and entered the service of Maximilian Habsburg in 1502. Fulfilled

Habsburg (1522–1564), brother-in-law of Louis II, Hungarian and Czech King (1526–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1558–1564). 6  Pope Clement VII. 7  Andreas da Burgo (dal Borgo) (1467–1533). Comes from a merchant family in Cremona. He was raised in the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and entered the service of Maximilian Habsburg in 1502. Fulfilled diplomatic tasks until his death. More on his life: Rosemarie Aulinger, Andrea da Borgo = Contemporaries of Erasmus: a Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Toronto, 1985, 172–173; Rill, Fürst und

in Cremona. He was raised in the court of Ludovico Sforza in Milan and entered the service of Maximilian Habsburg in 1502. Fulfilled diplomatic tasks until his death. More on his life: Rosemarie Aulinger, Andrea da Borgo = Contemporaries of Erasmus: a Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Toronto, 1985, 172–173; Rill, Fürst und Hof...141–150. 8  Cardinal Tommaso Cajetan De Vio, Bishop of Gaeta, was sent to Hungary as a legate with Baron Burgio in 1523 by Hadrian VI. 9  Pope Hadrian promised aid of 100,000 gold pieces for the fight against the Turks. He

28 István Brodarics to Theodor Vafer 1 Rome, 11 February 1524 Manuscript used: MOL, DL 47545 The inheritance of Hungarian confessor in Rome János Lászai, 147 ducats, should be deposited in the Altoviti bank according to the wishes of Philippus de Senis and Vincenzo Baldi. Domine Theoderice. Ego sum contentus, quod illa pecunia domini Ioannis penitenciarii 2 Hungari, ducati videlicet centum quadraginta septem deponantur in Banco Altoviti 3 iuxta voluntatem

Chamber. Hungarian confessor in Rome János Lászai died on 17 August 1523. Regarding his death see two letters by Brodarics to Transylvanian Bishop Ferenc Várdai. 13  The banking house operated by Bindo Altoviti of Florence was a leading bank in contemporary Rome. More on the banking house and Altoviti: Coriolano Belloni, Un banchiere del rinascimento, Roma, 1935. 12  11   domini Philippi de Senis 4 et domini Vincencii Baldi 5 decretorum doctoris, ad instantiam tamen omnium nostrorum.

a detailed report of the news; even though the tenths will be collected, there is still little hope [for saving Hungary] if there will be no peace among Christian rulers. – 2. News came from Spalato, Croatia, to Venice that the Sanjak-Bey of Bosnia sent major infantry force to besiege Klissa and he will soon follow with a major force of cavalry. According to news from Constantinople, the Turks are busy with preparations both on land and water. Pope Clement is trying to bring food and ammunition to the besieged Klissa, but it is feared that it will arrive late.

peace among Christian rulers. – 2. News came from Spalato, Croatia, to Venice that the Sanjak-Bey of Bosnia sent major infantry force to besiege Klissa and he will soon follow with a major force of cavalry. According to news from Constantinople, the Turks are busy with preparations both on land and water. Pope Clement is trying to bring food and ammunition to the besieged Klissa, but it is feared that it will arrive late. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Serenitatis humillimam

from Spalato, Croatia, to Venice that the Sanjak-Bey of Bosnia sent major infantry force to besiege Klissa and he will soon follow with a major force of cavalry. According to news from Constantinople, the Turks are busy with preparations both on land and water. Pope Clement is trying to bring food and ammunition to the besieged Klissa, but it is feared that it will arrive late. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Gratiosissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Serenitatis humillimam commendationem. [1.] Ad

dum vivam, addictissimum 4  Philippus de Senis (Philip of Siena), a cleric in the papal chamber, Canon of Esztergom. Pope Leo X made Philippus de Senis director of chapel consecrated to the Virgin Mary Taken to the Sky in 1513. The chapel belonged to the Esztergom chapter and de Senis entered a long legal battle against the chapter. Compare: Solymosi László (ed.), Az esztergomi székeskáptalan jegyzőkönyve (1500–1502, 1507–1527), Budapest, 2002., 22. Regarding the trial, see the following documents: ASV, Archivum Arcis (AA) Arm. XI, caps I. Nr 156., 2527.,

and de Senis entered a long legal battle against the chapter. Compare: Solymosi László (ed.), Az esztergomi székeskáptalan jegyzőkönyve (1500–1502, 1507–1527), Budapest, 2002., 22. Regarding the trial, see the following documents: ASV, Archivum Arcis (AA) Arm. XI, caps I. Nr 156., 2527., and ASV, Archivum Arcis XI, caps I. Nr 168. 2533., and Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 601–602. 5 Vincenzo Baldi de Pistoria. Arrived in Hungary as a member of the retinue of papal legate Cardinal Pietro Isvalies. He soon became

chapter. Compare: Solymosi László (ed.), Az esztergomi székeskáptalan jegyzőkönyve (1500–1502, 1507–1527), Budapest, 2002., 22. Regarding the trial, see the following documents: ASV, Archivum Arcis (AA) Arm. XI, caps I. Nr 156., 2527., and ASV, Archivum Arcis XI, caps I. Nr 168. 2533., and Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 601–602. 5 Vincenzo Baldi de Pistoria. Arrived in Hungary as a member of the retinue of papal legate Cardinal Pietro Isvalies. He soon became Canon of Veszprém, altar director of the St. John

in Dalmatia. The fortress was besieged from 5 February by troops of the Bosnian Bey. Compare: Marko Perojević, Petar Kružić kapetan i knez grada Klisa. Zagreb, 1931, 67. 6  Pope Clement VII. 7  The army of Constable of Zengg Péter Krusics, carried there on the sea, smashed the Turkish army and liberated the castle on 10 April. Marko Perojević, Petar Kružić kapetan i knez grada Klisa. Zagreb, 1931, 67–70. 30 Louis II to István Brodarics Buda, 8 March 1524

1. The fall of Ostrovica raised concerns in Rome. It is serious loss indeed, but more will follow, because the country’s resources are not sufficient to contain the ever strengthening Turks. – 2. 32,000 forints per year are spent on the borderland in Croatia only, even in peace time, and upholding Temesvár, Pétervárad, Szörény, and Titel, not to mention Jajca, costs enormous sums. So loosing Ostrovica is not due to negligence but to poverty. – 3. He is happy to hear that the Pope launched an investigation into the abuses around grain sent to Croatia, something that King

in Rome. It is serious loss indeed, but more will follow, because the country’s resources are not sufficient to contain the ever strengthening Turks. – 2. 32,000 forints per year are spent on the borderland in Croatia only, even in peace time, and upholding Temesvár, Pétervárad, Szörény, and Titel, not to mention Jajca, costs enormous sums. So loosing Ostrovica is not due to negligence but to poverty. – 3. He is happy to hear that the Pope launched an investigation into the abuses around grain sent to Croatia, something that King Louis also called for. – 4. More favourable news

3. He is happy to hear that the Pope launched an investigation into the abuses around grain sent to Croatia, something that King Louis also called for. – 4. More favourable news about the situation in Hungary would probably boost the Pope’s good will, but this is possible only if His Holiness and Christian rulers help the country with deeds instead of lip service. – 5. He is pleased to hear that Legate Campeggio has arrive. He will hopefully be successful in combating Lutheran heresy and in stimulating German reigning princes to fight the Turks. He instructed his envoys to negotiate

in Hungary would probably boost the Pope’s good will, but this is possible only if His Holiness and Christian rulers help the country with deeds instead of lip service. – 5. He is pleased to hear that Legate Campeggio has arrive. He will hopefully be successful in combating Lutheran heresy and in stimulating German reigning princes to fight the Turks. He instructed his envoys to negotiate with Campeggio as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da

He is pleased to hear that Legate Campeggio has arrive. He will hopefully be successful in combating Lutheran heresy and in stimulating German reigning princes to fight the Turks. He instructed his envoys to negotiate with Campeggio as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should

Campeggio as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to

as well as Ferdinand. – 6. He is sorry to hear that the Emperor and the French King are still at war with each other. Archduke Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi.

Ferdinand is trying to mediate through Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi. – 9. He thanks the Pope for the money, weapons, and food sent to the Klissa castle with the help of Bishop of Scardona. –

Andreas da Burgo; Louis supports him in this. – 7. Louis has been informed about the peace agreement between Turkey and Persia and about the Sultan’s plans for attack. Brodarics should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi. – 9. He thanks the Pope for the money, weapons, and food sent to the Klissa castle with the help of Bishop of Scardona. – 10. Brodarics is forbidden to return home

should therefore do all he can for the papal aid together with Marsupino and da Burgo. – 8. Even though the Sultan and the Shah signed peace, if the Pope agrees, it might still be useful to send Hannibal of Cyprus on a mission to Shah Sophi. – 9. He thanks the Pope for the money, weapons, and food sent to the Klissa castle with the help of Bishop of Scardona. – 10. Brodarics is forbidden to return home because of his tight financial situation since the Fuggers have been instructed to provide him with the needed money. Reverende Fidelis nobis

4 capite del. BAV. Ottob., in marg. captae alia manu 5 cum: quam BAV Ottob. 1  The only known manuscript of the text survives in a codex in the Ottoboniana collection of the Vatican Library (BAV, Ottob. Lat. N. 2746. 44–46.), so it is, too, a replica, and is certainly not identical with the one György Pray, who was first to publish the letter, used. The manuscript in the Vatican is severely damaged, and the defects often make it senseless, so the basis for the present publication is the text published by Pray. In spite of this, I indicate all

the text survives in a codex in the Ottoboniana collection of the Vatican Library (BAV, Ottob. Lat. N. 2746. 44–46.), so it is, too, a replica, and is certainly not identical with the one György Pray, who was first to publish the letter, used. The manuscript in the Vatican is severely damaged, and the defects often make it senseless, so the basis for the present publication is the text published by Pray. In spite of this, I indicate all the differences from the manuscript in the Ottoboniana collection. 2  The castle of Ostrovica (Croatia) was overtaken by the Turks in September 1523.

volet BAV Ottob. 30 est nobis: nobis est BAV Ottob. 31 percontetur: percontatur BAV Ottob. 36 post hinc ms. BAV Ottob. ad eum add. 36  regnorum nostrorum: rerum nostrarum BAV Ottob. the loss of Nándorfehérvár in 1521, Temesvár, Szörény, Pétervárad and Titel became the key elements in the system of border fortresses on the South. 5  Finally Burgio returned to Hungary and took measures regarding embezzlement of the corn shipments. He ordered an inquiry in Zengg in April 1524. Compare: Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526.

Ottob. ad eum add. 36  regnorum nostrorum: rerum nostrarum BAV Ottob. the loss of Nándorfehérvár in 1521, Temesvár, Szörény, Pétervárad and Titel became the key elements in the system of border fortresses on the South. 5  Finally Burgio returned to Hungary and took measures regarding embezzlement of the corn shipments. He ordered an inquiry in Zengg in April 1524. Compare: Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001, XCVIII. afferentur, utinam nullum nisi felicem

Ottob. 16  Clement VII sent Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio (1474–1539) to the Nuremberg imperial assembly as his legate. His mandate included Hungarian matters. 17 Leaders of the Hungarian delegation to the imperial assembly in Nuremberg were János Gosztonyi and Ambrus Sárkány. 18  Andreas da Burgo 19  Pope Clement VII. appointed Baron Burgio Nuncio in Hungary on 22 January 1524. The Baron returned to Hungary from Rome. Compare: Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001, XCV. 10  See the previous letter to

1  The letter, apart from some minor changes, is identical to the one sent to Polish King Sigismund the same day (except that the letter to Ferdinand does not have a postscript.) Not only the texts are identical but the ductus as well, so Brodarics’ scriptor wrote the same letter twice and sent both, one to Vienna, the other to Cracow. The only change he made is in the salutation: to the letters in Cracow it is Maiestas, since Sigismund was a King, while in the Vienna version it is Serenitas, because Ferdinand was only an Archduke in 1524. 2  Archbishop of Esztergom György

was the uncle of King Louis II while Ferdinand was his brother-in-law. 4  Brodarics had stayed in Rome since the spring of 1522 as an envoy of Louis II. 5  Johann Schnaidpeck von Schönkirchen, an envoy of the Emperor, stayed in the Buda castle since the autumn of 1523. He had huge influence and was the permanent target of attacks from the opposition of lesser nobility. The part magnificum dominum oratorem suum et is missing from the Cracow letter, obviously because, unlike Ferdinand, Sigismund did not have an envoy in Buda. Compare: Kubinyi András, A magyar állam belpolitikai

with a smaller benefice at least; he asks for this only to be able to represent the Hungarian King in Rome better. – 2. There is no news. The Emperor’s army is still besieging the French at Novara. – 3. He is sending a copy of the letter by Persian Shah Sophi addressed to the Emperor and Louis II to Sigismund. Serenissime Princeps et Domine, Domine mihi Clementissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae in gratiam Vestrae Maiestatis humillimam commendationem. [1.] Licet satis absurdum esse videatur ab eo principe, cui

[1.] Licet satis absurdum esse videatur ab eo principe, cui quis nihil serviverit, quippiam postulare, summa tamen Vestrae Maiestatis clementia et singularis in omnes 6 László Szalkai (1475–1526), Bishop of Eger, Chancellor. He got archbishopric of Esztergom and the attached position of High Chancellor after Szatmári’s death. 7  It seems that Ferdinand fulfilled Brodarics’ request. On the margin of the letter it is written: fiat, ut petitur. 1  Another manuscript: BK 213 fol. 53–54; BJ 6549 III fol. 129–130; Libri Legationum vol. XXIII,

died on 7 April 1524. 3 Louis II was a younger cousin of King Sigismund. 4  Brodarics had stayed in Rome since the spring of 1522 as an envoy of Louis II. 5 László Szalkai, Bishop of Eger, Chancellor. He got archbishopric of Esztergom and the attached position of High Chancellor after Szatmári’s death. 6  Novara, town in Northern Italy west of Milan. The French army, having given up on the siege of Milan, retreated this way towards France chased by the Spanish led by Marquis Pescara.

85r. 1 Published: Acta Tomiciana VII. 20. 1. News came from Constantinople that the Pasha of Cairo had been executed for revolting against the Sultan; the Pope, who is concerned that the Turks turn all their forces against Hungary, also confirmed this.; the Pope therefore does all he can and calls for peace among European rulers and also for sending aid to Hungary. – 2. The French suffered substantial defeat in Lombardy; nearly 1000 died, several officers were lost or injured. – 3. He asks Sigismund again to intervene for him with King Louis so that he can obtain some

VII. 20. 1. News came from Constantinople that the Pasha of Cairo had been executed for revolting against the Sultan; the Pope, who is concerned that the Turks turn all their forces against Hungary, also confirmed this.; the Pope therefore does all he can and calls for peace among European rulers and also for sending aid to Hungary. – 2. The French suffered substantial defeat in Lombardy; nearly 1000 died, several officers were lost or injured. – 3. He asks Sigismund again to intervene for him with King Louis so that he can obtain some substantial benefice.

II in 1523. His envoy, a Maronite monk by the name of Peter of Lebanon, brought a letter to Louis from the Shah in 1523, in which there is allusion to the Shah’s previous letters to the Hungarian King. The monk who represented the Shah later spoke at the imperial assembly in Nuremberg in 1524, and tried to talk the Christian rulers into cooperation against the Turks. Because of the conflicts between the European powers nothing would be realised from the Persian alliance that engaged the political public. By the time Charles V made up his mind in August 1525 and responded to the offer of

in Nuremberg in 1524, and tried to talk the Christian rulers into cooperation against the Turks. Because of the conflicts between the European powers nothing would be realised from the Persian alliance that engaged the political public. By the time Charles V made up his mind in August 1525 and responded to the offer of Shah Sophi, the latter was dead. More on the issue: Tardy Lajos, Perzsia és a Nyugat Mohács előtt, Budapest, 1977, 728–735; idem., Régi magyar követjárások Keleten, Budapest, 1983, 81–93. 8 Louis II. 1 

1  7  Further manuscripts: BK 213 fol. 52–53; BOss 177 fol. 40 r–v; Libri Legationum vol. XXIII, fol. 38–39. 2 Suleyman pensioned off his chief officer Píri Mehmed in 1523 and gave the position to his friend of his youth Ibrahim. He also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded.

2 Suleyman pensioned off his chief officer Píri Mehmed in 1523 and gave the position to his friend of his youth Ibrahim. He also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán, Budapest, 1974, 58–59., and Matuz József, Az Oszmán Birodalom története, Budapest, 1990, 95.  

officer Píri Mehmed in 1523 and gave the position to his friend of his youth Ibrahim. He also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán, Budapest, 1974, 58–59., and Matuz József, Az Oszmán Birodalom története, Budapest, 1990, 95.   no Nostro, qui nova haec pro

also transferred Pasha Ahmed one-time second officer to Egypt. Ahmed, feeling put aside, revolted against Suleyman as soon as he arrived in Cairo and declared himself Sultan. However, the riot was suppressed and Ahmed was beheaded. Compare: Káldy-Nagy Gyula, Szulejmán, Budapest, 1974, 58–59., and Matuz József, Az Oszmán Birodalom története, Budapest, 1990, 95.   no Nostro, qui nova haec pro certissimis affirmat et veretur, ne totas suas vires contra Hungariam Turca convertat.

the Aosta valley on 30 April 1524. Only brave resistance of the French rearguard saved the whole French army from annihilation. Compare: Rázsó, A lovagkor csatái... 278. 4  Presumably, Brodarics alludes to the famous French nobleman Pierre de Terrail, commonly known as Bayard, the “fearless and blameless” knight who lead the rear-guard. Bayard, who was a renowned figure of the wars in Italy, received a fatal wound at Aosta. More on Bayard’s life: Rázsó, A lovagkor csatái... passim 5  The Chief Commander of the French Army was Count of Bonnivet Guillaume de Goffier who was

István Brodarics to Clement VII Vienna, 21 August 1524 Manuscript used: ASV, Principi, vol. 2. fol. 233r–v, 237v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 639. 1. King Louis sent him to Vienna to meet papal legate Campeggio and inform the latter about matters in Hungary and Bohemia. – 2. He assures the Pope that he and Chancellor Szalkai are both loyal to him. – 3. The Hungarians like Baron Burgio as if he was not from Sicily but Transylvania. – 4. Archduke Ferdinand is ready to protect Christianity at the cost

1524 Manuscript used: ASV, Principi, vol. 2. fol. 233r–v, 237v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 639. 1. King Louis sent him to Vienna to meet papal legate Campeggio and inform the latter about matters in Hungary and Bohemia. – 2. He assures the Pope that he and Chancellor Szalkai are both loyal to him. – 3. The Hungarians like Baron Burgio as if he was not from Sicily but Transylvania. – 4. Archduke Ferdinand is ready to protect Christianity at the cost of his life.

vol. 2. fol. 233r–v, 237v. Published: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta historica Hungariam sacram illustrantia II., Romae, 1860, 639. 1. King Louis sent him to Vienna to meet papal legate Campeggio and inform the latter about matters in Hungary and Bohemia. – 2. He assures the Pope that he and Chancellor Szalkai are both loyal to him. – 3. The Hungarians like Baron Burgio as if he was not from Sicily but Transylvania. – 4. Archduke Ferdinand is ready to protect Christianity at the cost of his life. Beatissime Pater ac Domine, Domine mihi semper

Brodarics’ mission in Vienna (Rex dominus et maritus noster carissimus misit ad Serenitatem Vestram hunc fidelem suum et nostrum, venerabilem Stephanum Brodaricum [...] cui nos quoque commisimus nonnulla Vestrae Serenitati nostro nomine referenda.”) See MTAKK, Ms 4939, Simancas, bundle 1, and Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia

Brodaricum [...] cui nos quoque commisimus nonnulla Vestrae Serenitati nostro nomine referenda.”) See MTAKK, Ms 4939, Simancas, bundle 1, and Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia Louis II, Polish King Sigismund I, and Austrian Archduke Ferdinand.

bundle 1, and Kujáni Gábor, Brodarics István levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia Louis II, Polish King Sigismund I, and Austrian Archduke Ferdinand. [2.] Reverendissimum etiam dominum cancellarium 4 Hungariae (sine omni assentatione loquor) habet Vestra

levelezése 1508–1538, Történelmi Tár, 1908, 345–346. 2  Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3  Brodarics probably alludes to three rulers most affected by the Turks: King of Hungary and Bohemia Louis II, Polish King Sigismund I, and Austrian Archduke Ferdinand. [2.] Reverendissimum etiam dominum cancellarium 4 Hungariae (sine omni assentatione loquor) habet Vestra Sanctitas, ultra quam dici ac credi potest, in his rebus

ut is del. 4  Archbishop of Esztergom László Szalkai. Compare: Lk, 21, 2 . 6  Papal Nuncio Baron Antonio Burgio. On his activities in Hungary see: Bartoniek Emma (ed.), Mohács Magyarországa. Báró Burgio pápai követ jelentései, Budapest, 1926., and Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001. 7  The Papal Court intervened on behalf of Brodarics already in 1524 to assist in his appointment to the bishopric. But it did not happen yet, and Brodarics was compensated by a prebend as Canon of Esztergom.

Magyarországa. Báró Burgio pápai követ jelentései, Budapest, 1926., and Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései 1524–1526. Budapest, 2001. 7  The Papal Court intervened on behalf of Brodarics already in 1524 to assist in his appointment to the bishopric. But it did not happen yet, and Brodarics was compensated by a prebend as Canon of Esztergom. 5  35 István Brodarics to Giovanni Salviati Buda, 4 November

35 István Brodarics to Giovanni Salviati Buda, 4 November 1524 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte Strozziane, Serie I., Filza 152., fol. 9r., 12v. 1. He has received Salviati’s letter dated 7 October. There is hope for putting an end to the schism in Bohemia; at least Baron Burgio and Chancellor Szalkai are working on it zealously as can be seen in de Burgio’s letters. – 2. If peace cannot be created among contentious Christian rulers, only God knows what awaits Hungary next spring. – 3. He does not yet know when he returns to Italy but a message was sent via Marsupino

sperare. Nisi Deus et Beata Virgo Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum 5 adiuverit ad pacem faciendam. Salviati’s letter mentioned is unknown. Renewed negotiations began in 1524 between Utraquistas – who felt threatened by the Picards (Bohemian Brothers) and the Lutherans – and Catholics. László Szalkai, Bishop of Eger, later Archbishop of Esztergom took up the lion’s share of the talks hoping that the Holy Seat would reward his efforts with appointing him Cardinal. More on this: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt,

et Beata Virgo Sanctissimum Dominum Nostrum 5 adiuverit ad pacem faciendam. Salviati’s letter mentioned is unknown. Renewed negotiations began in 1524 between Utraquistas – who felt threatened by the Picards (Bohemian Brothers) and the Lutherans – and Catholics. László Szalkai, Bishop of Eger, later Archbishop of Esztergom took up the lion’s share of the talks hoping that the Holy Seat would reward his efforts with appointing him Cardinal. More on this: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 82–96. 3 

with appointing him Cardinal. More on this: Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarország a mohácsi vész előtt, Budapest, 1884, 82–96. 3  Compare: Papal Nuncio Baron Burgio’s report on 31 October 1524. Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései... 56–60. 4  Archbishop of Esztergom and High Chancellor László Szalkai. 5  Pope Clement VII. 2  1  [3.] Ego videor iam esse in procinctu. Non satis tamen certus adhuc, quando sim iter

who worked as an administrator in Rome from 1518. He worked as an emissary of Szapolyai in Rome in the 1530s. See also the notes for the letter by Brodarics on 1 September 1522. 8  In theory, the bishopric of Pécs became vacant in 1522 when György Szatmári became Archbishop of Esztergom, and Louis II could appoint his successor. It was the King’s former envoy to Venice Fülöp Csulai Móré who had the prebend of Provost of Eger. In fact, Szatmári kept benefices of the bishopric until his death on 7 April 1524, so Csulai remained elected (electus) bishop. Papal confirmation

the King’s former envoy to Venice Fülöp Csulai Móré who had the prebend of Provost of Eger. In fact, Szatmári kept benefices of the bishopric until his death on 7 April 1524, so Csulai remained elected (electus) bishop. Papal confirmation became possible only after the death of Szatmári, and from Brodarics’ letter it seems it did not go smoothly either. That is why Brodarics asked for Salviati’s intervention. Some data suggest that it was unnecessary because Clement VII produced the bull that confirmed Csulai’s appointment on 26 October 1524. More on Csulai’s appointment as

to the wishes of the papal court, was of great service in this. – 2. He will report on the situation here after arriving in Rome; he does not want to burden the Pope with a lengthy letter now; the Pope can learn the essentials from Archdean Imre. He expresses his gratitude to the papal court and Baron Burgio for intervening on his behalf; now he is put under even stronger obligation if that is possible at all. Beatissime Pater, ac Domine, Domine Clementissime. Post servitutis meae perpetuae ad pulveres pedum Vestrae Sanctitatis beatorum humillimam

et obstrictum vinc 1 Louis II informed the Pope already on 20 October 1524 that Brodarics would be sent back to Rome. Compare: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 584. 2  Papal legate Cardinal Campeggio stayed in Hungary and then in Vienna from 18 July 1524. 3 László Szalkai had held the title Archbishop of Esztergom since May 1524. 4  In fact, Brodarics could leave in February 1525 only. Louis II dated his letter of commission on 13 February 1525 in Buda. Compare: ASV, Principi, vol. 3., fol. 36r–v. We

raise Brodarics to Bishop status as soon as possible. Compare: Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863. 585. The manuscript is damaged at some places. Louis invited Papal Legate Cardinal Campeggio to Buda in November, and Brodarics’ travel was postponed until his arrival. See the previous letter on this. 2 King 1  Dolebo maiorem in modum, si Dominationem Vestram Reverendissimam ab Urbe contingat abesse.

38 István Brodarics to Louis II Buda, [9 December 1524]1 Manuscript used: MOL DL 105435 Brodarics puts forward a request from István and Ferenc Révay that the King affirm their land purchase agreement with Ambrus Rwchy, and should the King have any claims regarding the estate in question, transfer those to the Révay brothers. Sacra Regia Maiestas et Domine, Domine Gratiosissime.

38 István Brodarics to Louis II Buda, [9 December 1524]1 Manuscript used: MOL DL 105435 Brodarics puts forward a request from István and Ferenc Révay that the King affirm their land purchase agreement with Ambrus Rwchy, and should the King have any claims regarding the estate in question, transfer those to the Révay brothers. Sacra Regia Maiestas et Domine, Domine Gratiosissime. Supplicatur Maiestati Vestrae in personis fidelium eiusdem egregiorum Stephani et

illi fassioni et perpetuae venditioni, quam nobilis Ambrosius Rwchy de Bodogazzonzakaya super totali portione sua possessionaria in eadem possessione Bodogazzonzakaya habita 3  Clement VII wanted to commission Cardinal Salviati (1490–1553) to create peace between Charles V and Francis I as a legate in Lombardy. The Pope finally appointed the Cardinal as Legate after the French defeat (24 February 1525), in a very different situation, only on 5 May 1525. On Salviati’s activities as legate see Brodarics’ letters to Sigismund I on 17 May 1525 and to Salviati on 20

between Charles V and Francis I as a legate in Lombardy. The Pope finally appointed the Cardinal as Legate after the French defeat (24 February 1525), in a very different situation, only on 5 May 1525. On Salviati’s activities as legate see Brodarics’ letters to Sigismund I on 17 May 1525 and to Salviati on 20 May 1525. 1  There is no date on the document, and we only know from a remark of the relator Brodarics that King Louis sanctioned the request on 9 December 1524. 2 István Révay (?–after 1545), first Captain in Újlak, then, after Mohács, Captain in Siklós in the

finally appointed the Cardinal as Legate after the French defeat (24 February 1525), in a very different situation, only on 5 May 1525. On Salviati’s activities as legate see Brodarics’ letters to Sigismund I on 17 May 1525 and to Salviati on 20 May 1525. 1  There is no date on the document, and we only know from a remark of the relator Brodarics that King Louis sanctioned the request on 9 December 1524. 2 István Révay (?–after 1545), first Captain in Újlak, then, after Mohács, Captain in Siklós in the service of Péter Perényi. He enters the service of Ferdinand I in 1528,

secretarius 39 István Brodarics to Louis II Buda, [21 February 1525]1 Manuscript used: MOL DL 260226; MOL 2854022 Brodarics presents to the King a request from István Terjék and Palatine’s Secretary Ferenc Révay regarding their trial against Ferenc Szántói Botka. Sacra Regia Maiestas, Domine Gratiosissime. Supplicatur Maiestati Vestrae in personis fidelium eiusdem egregiorum Stephani Theryek de

in profesto cathedrae Sancti Petri Apostoli 1525. Stephanus Brodericus secretarius 19 Concessit... Brodaryth doctor secretarius manu Broderici 10 Concessit... Brodericus secretarius manu Broderici 1  There is no date on the document, and we only know from a remark of the relator Brodarics that King Louis sanctioned the request on 21 February 1525. 2  Both reference the same manuscript. 3  István Szenterzsébeti Terjék, nobleman from Zala county. His sister Orsolya is the mother of Tamás Nádasdy, so he is the uncle of

István Brodarics Cracow, [April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 8v. 1. He has heard from Statileo that Brodarics is in Rome again as an envoy, something which he heard with satisfaction knowing Brodarics’ loyalty. – 2. He asks Brodarics to keep representing him and his subjects in their affairs and to keep informing him about developments. Reverende sincere nobis Dilecte. [1.] Retulit nobis reverendus Ioannes Statilius, praepositus Eursiensis 2 et serenissimi domini Ludovici Hungariae et

[April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 8v. 1. He has heard from Statileo that Brodarics is in Rome again as an envoy, something which he heard with satisfaction knowing Brodarics’ loyalty. – 2. He asks Brodarics to keep representing him and his subjects in their affairs and to keep informing him about developments. Reverende sincere nobis Dilecte. [1.] Retulit nobis reverendus Ioannes Statilius, praepositus Eursiensis 2 et serenissimi domini Ludovici Hungariae et Bohemiae regis nepotis nostri

nostrorum negotia, quae incident, nobisque ea, quae nova emergent, scribere per omnem occasionem non gravare, ut et tua erga nos merita et nostrum vicissim in te favorem reddas in dies cumulatiorem. Datum. 1  The letter can be dated based on Statileo’s legation and the return of Brodarics to Rome. Statileo went to Cracow as an envoy in the spring of 1525 and got an answer from the Polish King on 12 April (see AT VII. 241). Brodarics left for Rome in late February 1525. On 5 March he was still in Pécs (he got a letter of commission from Bishop Fülöp

non gravare, ut et tua erga nos merita et nostrum vicissim in te favorem reddas in dies cumulatiorem. Datum. 1  The letter can be dated based on Statileo’s legation and the return of Brodarics to Rome. Statileo went to Cracow as an envoy in the spring of 1525 and got an answer from the Polish King on 12 April (see AT VII. 241). Brodarics left for Rome in late February 1525. On 5 March he was still in Pécs (he got a letter of commission from Bishop Fülöp Csulai Móré then), so the earliest he could reach the Eternal City was in April. 2  János

(Statilius in Latin form, Statilić in Croatian) (1472–1542), Provost of Óbuda, later Transylvanian Bishop of János Szapolyai (1528–1542). More on his life: Sörös Pongrác, Statileo János életéhez, A pannonhalmi szt. benedekrendi főiskola évkönyve, Pannonhalma, 1916, 3–56., and Domagoj Madunić, Vinko Pribojevic and the Glory of Slavs, Budapest, 2003, 19. 41 János Statileo to István Brodarics Cracow, 12 April 1525 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte

in Croatian) (1472–1542), Provost of Óbuda, later Transylvanian Bishop of János Szapolyai (1528–1542). More on his life: Sörös Pongrác, Statileo János életéhez, A pannonhalmi szt. benedekrendi főiskola évkönyve, Pannonhalma, 1916, 3–56., and Domagoj Madunić, Vinko Pribojevic and the Glory of Slavs, Budapest, 2003, 19. 41 János Statileo to István Brodarics Cracow, 12 April 1525 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte Strozziane, Serie I., Filza 157., fol.

41 János Statileo to István Brodarics Cracow, 12 April 1525 Manuscript used: ASF, Carte Strozziane, Serie I., Filza 157., fol. 184r. 1 Albrecht von Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, made an oath of allegiance to Polish King Sigismund, and got the land he already had as feud. Excerpta ex litteris oratoris Ut Dominatio Vestra Reverendissima sit particeps novitatum, quae hic contingunt, volui ei significare serenissimum Poloniae regem inivisse perpetuam pacem et concordiam

42 Sigismund I to István Brodarics Cracow, [April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 16r–v. 1. He has learnt that the Observant Franciscans in Rome are trying to procure monasteries of the Conventuals in Bohemia and Poland, and it seems as if this was the intention of Sigismund too. – 2. He requests Brodarics to take steps against this, because this is exactly the opposite of what Sigismund wants who regards Conventuals highly because they are of great help in the fight against spreading heresy. Their

42 Sigismund I to István Brodarics Cracow, [April 1525]1 Manuscript used: BJ 6556 fol. 16r–v. 1. He has learnt that the Observant Franciscans in Rome are trying to procure monasteries of the Conventuals in Bohemia and Poland, and it seems as if this was the intention of Sigismund too. – 2. He requests Brodarics to take steps against this, because this is exactly the opposite of what Sigismund wants who regards Conventuals highly because they are of great help in the fight against spreading heresy. Their Provincial,

de Torre has a high reputation all over the country, so his withdrawal would be a serious loss for the Church here. abstract of Statileo’s letter forwarded by Brodarics enclosed to his letter to Cardinal Salviati on 20 May. 2  It is the war between the Teutonic Order and Poland (1519–21) which ended with the Knights’ defeat. 3  10 April 1525. 1  Date uncertain. Brodarics says in his letter on 17 May that he received several letters but we cannot be sure that he refers to these two. 1  An

to do this. – 2. He thanks for Sigismund’s intervention on his behalf with Louis II; he strives to repay Sigismund’s goodwill. – 3. According to Johannes Rudniczki’s report, the King’s request has been in part fulfilled, in part it will be put forward to the Pope tomorrow by Brodarics and Cardinal Pucci; Sigismund will be informed about the Pope’s answer promptly. – 4. The Pope is relentless in his attempts to create peace between the Emperor and the French King; Cardinal Giovanni Salviati has been ordered to stay with the Emperor as a legate; Brodarics has been sent with

report, the King’s request has been in part fulfilled, in part it will be put forward to the Pope tomorrow by Brodarics and Cardinal Pucci; Sigismund will be informed about the Pope’s answer promptly. – 4. The Pope is relentless in his attempts to create peace between the Emperor and the French King; Cardinal Giovanni Salviati has been ordered to stay with the Emperor as a legate; Brodarics has been sent with him. – 5. He trusts that peace can be attained; he wrote a ciphered letter about this to Bishop of Przemiśl Andrzej Krzycki; he trusts this most of all because of

with the Emperor as a legate; Brodarics has been sent with him. – 5. He trusts that peace can be attained; he wrote a ciphered letter about this to Bishop of Przemiśl Andrzej Krzycki; he trusts this most of all because of the noble heart of the French King with whom he negotiated not long ago and has written about it to Sigismund. If it fails there is no other way of saving Hungary than what he had already written to Sigismund [peace agreement with the Turks]; he wishes this had been done before losing Belgrade and Szörényvár, since nobody cares about the Hungarians, they all care

of the noble heart of the French King with whom he negotiated not long ago and has written about it to Sigismund. If it fails there is no other way of saving Hungary than what he had already written to Sigismund [peace agreement with the Turks]; he wishes this had been done before losing Belgrade and Szörényvár, since nobody cares about the Hungarians, they all care only about themselves. – 7. All kinds of unbelievable things are being written about the German peasants’ war, but he believes that Sigismund has more information on this than he has; it is also said that the Turks will

Turri or Marcus de Torre, Franciscan monk born in Venice, Polish provincial. Taught theology at the Cracow University in 1519. He was confessor of Bona Sforza, so he had excellent relationship with the Polish court. See also AT V. 242., 253.; AT VI. 268., 306.; AT VII. 63., 83., and Fraknói Vilmos, Magyarországi pápai követek jelentései... 324. 1  The text of the letter is on the Internet, in a somewhat different variant, transcribed by Péter Tóth. http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/exempla.php. 2  Further manuscripts: BK 213fol. 525–527;

‘s death, to intervene for him so that he can obtain some substantial benefice, presumably some bishopric. This means that the Polish court also spoke up for him. Brodarics did not earn a bishopric at that time but he got the benefice of the Esztergom Canon added to that of Provost of Pécs, and Louis II. made a promise that he would raise Brodarics to Bishop status as soon as possible. 4  The church named after the Four Crowned Saints (Quattuor Sanctorum Coronatorum) was the titular church of Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci (Laurentius Pucius) (1458–1531), Bishop of Melf, later of Alba.

was the titular church of Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci (Laurentius Pucius) (1458–1531), Bishop of Melf, later of Alba. 5  Clement VII appointed Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Legate with Charles V, on 5 May 1525. His task was, as Brodarics says, first of all, creating peace between the French and the Spanish Kings and preparation for the war against the Turks. [5.] Si posset confici ista pax, sicut sumus in non parva spe, propter illas causas, quas ad reverendissimum dominum Premisliensem, 6 cum

church of Cardinal Lorenzo Pucci (Laurentius Pucius) (1458–1531), Bishop of Melf, later of Alba. 5  Clement VII appointed Cardinal Giovanni Salviati, Legate with Charles V, on 5 May 1525. His task was, as Brodarics says, first of all, creating peace between the French and the Spanish Kings and preparation for the war against the Turks. [5.] Si posset confici ista pax, sicut sumus in non parva spe, propter illas causas, quas ad reverendissimum dominum Premisliensem, 6 cum quo mihi notae

so far. 18  Brodarics visited the French King imprisoned by Charles V after the battle of Pavia (24 February 1525) in the town of Pizzighettone. Unfortunately, he misjudged Francis’ “noble heart”: he would recall this encounter in his report on the Battle of Mohács written 2 years later, and reproach the French ruler for promising help to Hungary against the Turks, something he did not keep. (“[...] regi Gallorum et illud in memoriam reducit [sc. Louis II], quid sibi in oppido Piczigetone captivus per oratorem suum [sc. Brodarics] de defendenda Hungaria et de ferendis, si Deus

agreement or armistice was considered several times in the Hungarian court but was rejected every time – partly under pressure from the Pope. The same considerations were spelled out in a letter to Sigismund on 10 June 1523, which shows that Brodarics had seen the situation clearly already then, and, as this letter demonstrates, it did not change much in 2 years. Brodarics’ warnings were heard in the Polish court at least. Sigismund, seeing the failure in Christian cooperation, signed peace with the Turks on 15 November 1525. Brodarics, in his first letter addressed to Piotr Tomicki and

and, as this letter demonstrates, it did not change much in 2 years. Brodarics’ warnings were heard in the Polish court at least. Sigismund, seeing the failure in Christian cooperation, signed peace with the Turks on 15 November 1525. Brodarics, in his first letter addressed to Piotr Tomicki and Andrzej Krzycki (6 September 1526), still expresses regret over the fact that Hungarians did not follow the Polish example (“O nos nunquam minus prudentes, quam tunc, cum consilia pacis cum Turco Vestris Dominationibus non suadentibus solum, sed hortantibus ac rogantibus etiam, non

28 fuisset del. suprascr. esset János Statileo. Pope Clement VII. 18  Brodarics mentions in a letter to King Sigismund on 17 May that the Pope ordered him to participate in the peace talks between Salviati and Charles V. 19  Hungarian and Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The

28 fuisset del. suprascr. esset János Statileo. Pope Clement VII. 18  Brodarics mentions in a letter to King Sigismund on 17 May that the Pope ordered him to participate in the peace talks between Salviati and Charles V. 19  Hungarian and Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The two credentials that King

Pope Clement VII. 18  Brodarics mentions in a letter to King Sigismund on 17 May that the Pope ordered him to participate in the peace talks between Salviati and Charles V. 19  Hungarian and Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The two credentials that King Louis and Queen Mary issued to Berri as their envoy are dated 31 May 1524. See Theiner Augustin, Vetera

Czech King Louis II. 10  Pietro Antonio Berri of Parma arrived in Germany with Legate Tomasso Vio, and they went to the court of Louis II from there. He was appointed Royal Secretary for his services. As such, he visited Rome as an envoy already before 1525. The two credentials that King Louis and Queen Mary issued to Berri as their envoy are dated 31 May 1524. See Theiner Augustin, Vetera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium historiam illustrantia, Romae, 1863, 580–581. 11 Maria Habsburg (1505–1558), wife of Louis II from 1522. 17 

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